{"id":11128,"date":"2022-06-24T10:09:04","date_gmt":"2022-06-24T08:09:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/?p=11128"},"modified":"2022-11-07T17:06:04","modified_gmt":"2022-11-07T16:06:04","slug":"citation-styles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citing-sources\/citation-styles\/","title":{"rendered":"Citation Styles Guide | Examples for All Major Styles"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A <strong>citation style<\/strong> is a set of guidelines on how to <a href=index-1775.html>cite sources<\/a> in your <a href=index-1794.html>academic writing<\/a>. You always need a citation whenever you <a href=index-1828.html>quote<\/a>, <a href=index-1249.html>paraphrase<\/a>, or summarize a source to <a href=index-1792.html>avoid plagiarism<\/a>. How you present these citations depends on the style you follow. Scribbr&#8217;s <a href=index-991.html>citation generator<\/a> can help!<\/p>\n<p>Different styles are set by different universities, academic associations, and publishers, often published in an official handbook with in-depth instructions and examples.<\/p>\n<p>There are many different citation styles, but they typically use one of three basic approaches: <a href=index-3328.html>parenthetical citations<\/a>, numerical citations, or note citations.<\/p>\n<div class=\"container\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col-md\" style=\"background: #F6F6F9; padding: 1.27rem 1.56rem; line-height: 1.8; border-radius: .5rem; margin-right: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0.5rem;\">\n<p><small><strong><em class=\"fa fa-sort-alpha-asc\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/em><a href=index-2687.html#parenthetical\">Parenthetical citations<\/a><\/strong><small><\/small><\/small><\/p>\n<ul style=\"padding: 5px;\">\n<li><a href=index-2687.html#aaa\">AAA<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-2687.html#apa\">APA<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-2687.html#apsa\">APSA<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-2687.html#asa\">ASA<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-2687.html#chicago-author-date\">Chicago (Turabian) author-date<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-2687.html#cse-name-year\">CSE name-year<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-2687.html#harvard\">Harvard<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-2687.html#mla\">MLA<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md\" style=\"background: #F6F6F9; padding: 1.27rem 1.56rem; line-height: 1.8; border-radius: .5rem; margin-right: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0.5rem;\">\n<p><small><strong><em class=\"fa fa-sort-numeric-asc\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/em><a href=index-2687.html#numerical\">Numerical citations<\/a><\/strong><small><\/small><\/small><\/p>\n<ul style=\"padding: 5px;\">\n<li><a href=index-2687.html#acs\">ACS<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-2687.html#ama\">AMA<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-2687.html#cse-citation-name-sequence\">CSE citation-name or citation-sequence<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-2687.html#ieee\">IEEE<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-2687.html#nlm\">NLM<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-2687.html#vancouver\">Vancouver<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md\" style=\"background: #F6F6F9; padding: 1.27rem 1.56rem; line-height: 1.8; border-radius: .5rem; margin-right: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0.5rem;\">\n<p><small><strong><em class=\"fa fa-superscript\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/em><a href=index-2687.html#note\">Note citations<\/a><\/strong><small><\/small><\/small><\/p>\n<ul style=\"padding: 5px;\">\n<li><a href=index-2687.html#bluebook\">Bluebook<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-2687.html#chicago-notes-bibliography\">Chicago (Turabian) notes and bibliography<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-2687.html#oscola\">OSCOLA<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"types\">Types of citation: Parenthetical, note, numerical<\/h2>\n<p>The clearest identifying characteristic of any citation style is how the citations in the text are presented. There are three main approaches:<strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><strong>Parenthetical citations: <\/strong>You include identifying details of the source in parentheses in the text\u2014usually the author\u2019s last name and the publication date, plus a page number if relevant (<strong>author-date<\/strong>). Sometimes the publication date is omitted (<strong>author-page<\/strong>).<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><strong>Numerical citations: <\/strong>You include a number in brackets or in superscript, which corresponds to an entry in your numbered reference list.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Note citations: <\/strong>You include a full citation in a footnote or endnote, which is indicated in the text with a superscript number or symbol.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul><\/ul>\n<p>Citation styles also differ in terms of how you format the reference list or bibliography entries themselves (e.g., capitalization, order of information, use of italics). And many style guides also provide guidance on more general issues like text formatting, punctuation, and numbers.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"which\">Which citation style should I use?<\/h2>\n<p>In most cases, your university, department, or instructor will tell you which citation style you need to follow in your writing. If you\u2019re not sure, it\u2019s best to consult your institution\u2019s guidelines or ask someone. If you\u2019re submitting to a journal, they will usually require a specific style.<\/p>\n<p>Sometimes, the choice of citation style may be left up to you. In those cases, you can base your decision on which citation styles are commonly used in your field. Try reading other articles from your discipline to see how they cite their sources, or consult the table below.<\/p>\n<table class=\"kb-table bordered vertical-borders\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Discipline<\/th>\n<th>Typical citation style(s)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td><a href=index-2687.html#harvard\">Harvard<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Engineering &amp; IT<\/td>\n<td><a href=index-3329.html>IEEE<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Humanities<\/td>\n<td><a href=index-2687.html#chicago-notes-bibliography\">Chicago notes and bibliography<\/a>; <a href=index-2687.html#harvard\">Harvard<\/a>; <a href=index-2687.html#mla\">MLA<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Law<\/td>\n<td><a href=index-2687.html#bluebook\">Bluebook<\/a>; <a href=index-2687.html#oscola\">OSCOLA<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td><a href=index-3330.html>AMA<\/a>; <a href=index-2687.html#nlm\">NLM<\/a>; <a href=index-2687.html#vancouver\">Vancouver<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Political science<\/td>\n<td><a href=index-2687.html#apsa\">APSA<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Psychology<\/td>\n<td><a href=index-2687.html#apa\">APA<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Sciences<\/td>\n<td><a href=index-2687.html#acs\">ACS<\/a>; <a href=index-2687.html#chicago-author-date\">Chicago author-date<\/a>; <a href=index-2687.html#cse-citation-name-sequence\">CSE citation-name or citation-sequence<\/a>; <a href=index-2687.html#cse-name-year\">CSE name-year<\/a>; <a href=index-2687.html#harvard\">Harvard<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Social sciences<\/td>\n<td><a href=index-2687.html#aaa\">AAA<\/a>; <a href=index-2687.html#apa\">APA<\/a>; <a href=index-2687.html#asa\">ASA<\/a>; <a href=index-2687.html#chicago-author-date\">Chicago author-date<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 id=\"parenthetical\">Parenthetical citation styles<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"aaa\">AAA<\/h3>\n<p>The American Anthropological Association (AAA) recommends citing your sources using <a href=index-2687.html#chicago-author-date\">Chicago author-date style<\/a>. AAA style doesn\u2019t have its own separate rules. This style is used in the field of anthropology.<\/p>\n<table class=\"kb-apa-example\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>AAA reference entry<\/td>\n<td>Clarke, Kamari M. 2013. \u201cNotes on Cultural Citizenship in the Black Atlantic World.\u201d <em>Cultural Anthropology<\/em> 28, no. 3 (August): 464\u2013474. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/43898483.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>AAA in-text citation<\/td>\n<td>(Clarke 2013)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 id=\"apa\">APA<\/h3>\n<p><a href=index-1778.html>APA Style<\/a> is defined by the <a href=index-1579.html>7th edition<\/a> of the <em>Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association<\/em>. It was designed for use in psychology, but today it\u2019s widely used across various disciplines, especially in the social sciences.<\/p>\n<table class=\"kb-apa-example\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=index-3331.html>APA reference entry<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Wagemann, J. &amp; Weger, U. (2021). Perceiving the other self: An experimental first-person account of nonverbal social interaction. <em>The American Journal of Psychology<\/em>, <em>134<\/em>(4), 441\u2013461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5406\/amerjpsyc.134.4.0441<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=index-3332.html>APA in-text citation<\/a><\/td>\n<td>(Wagemann &amp; Weger, 2021)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\t<h6 class=\"h3\">Generate accurate APA citations with Scribbr<\/h6>\n\n<div style=\"min-height: 96px\">\n  <auto-cite style=\"position:relative;z-index:1\" locale=en_US baseurl=https:\/\/autocite.cgs.scribbr.com domain=com citationstyle=apa env=production><\/auto-cite>\n<\/div>\n\n<h3 id=\"apsa\">APSA<\/h3>\n<p>The citation style of the American Political Science Association (APSA) is used mainly in the field of political science.<\/p>\n<table class=\"kb-apa-example\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>APSA reference entry<\/td>\n<td>Ward, Lee. 2020. \u201cEquity and Political Economy in Thomas Hobbes.\u201d <em>American Journal of Political Science<\/em>, 64 (4): 823\u201335. doi: 10.1111\/ajps.12507.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>APSA in-text citation<\/td>\n<td>(Ward 2020)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 id=\"asa\">ASA<\/h3>\n<p>The citation style of the American Sociological Association (ASA) is used primarily in the discipline of sociology.<\/p>\n<table class=\"kb-apa-example\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>ASA reference entry<\/td>\n<td>Kootstra, Anouk. 2016. \u201cDeserving and Undeserving Welfare Claimants in Britain and the Netherlands: Examining the Role of Ethnicity and Migration Status Using a Vignette Experiment.\u201d <em>European Sociological Review <\/em>32(3): 325\u2013338. doi:10.1093\/esr\/jcw010.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ASA in-text citation<\/td>\n<td>(Kootstra 2016)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 id=\"chicago-author-date\">Chicago author-date<\/h3>\n<p>Chicago author-date style is one of the two citation styles presented in the <em>Chicago Manual of Style <\/em>(17th edition). It\u2019s used mainly in the sciences and social sciences.<\/p>\n<table class=\"kb-apa-example\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=index-3333.html#reference-list\">Chicago reference entry<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Encarna\u00e7\u00e3o, Jo\u00e3o, and Gon\u00e7alo Calado. 2018. \u201cEffects of Recreational Diving on Early Colonization Stages of an Artificial Reef in North-East Atlantic.\u201d <em>Journal of Coastal Conservation <\/em>22, no. 6 (December): 1209\u20131216. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/45380397.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=index-2686.html>Chicago author-date citation<\/a><\/td>\n<td>(Encarna\u00e7\u00e3o and Calado 2018)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left yellow\"><figcaption>Note<\/figcaption>This should not be confused with <a href=index-2687.html#chicago-notes-bibliography\">Chicago notes and bibliography<\/a>. Additionally, <a href=index-3334.html>Turabian style<\/a> is a version of Chicago that&#8217;s aimed at students and follows very similar rules.<\/figure>\n<h3 id=\"cse-name-year\">CSE name-year<\/h3>\n<p>The citation style of the Council of Science Editors (CSE) is used in various scientific disciplines. It includes multiple options for citing your sources, including the name-year system.<\/p>\n<table class=\"kb-apa-example\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>CSE name-year reference entry<\/td>\n<td>Graham JR. 2019. The structure and stratigraphical relations of the Lough Nafooey Group, South Mayo. Irish Journal of Earth Sciences. 37: 1\u201318.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>CSE name-year citation<\/td>\n<td>(Graham 2019)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left yellow\"><figcaption>Note<\/figcaption>This should not be confused with <a href=index-2687.html#cse-citation-name-sequence\">CSE citation-name or citation-sequence<\/a>.<\/figure>\n<h3 id=\"harvard\">Harvard<\/h3>\n<p><a href=index-3335.html>Harvard style<\/a> is often used in the field of economics. It is also very widely used across disciplines in UK universities. There are various versions of Harvard style defined by different universities\u2014it\u2019s not a style with one definitive style guide.<\/p>\n<table class=\"kb-apa-example\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=index-3336.html>Harvard bibliography entry<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Hoffmann, M. (2016) \u2018How is information valued? Evidence from framed field experiments\u2019, <em>The Economic Journal<\/em>, 126(595), pp. 1884\u20131911. doi:10.1111\/ecoj.12401.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=index-3337.html>Harvard in-text citation<\/a><\/td>\n<td>(Hoffmann, 2016)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=index-3338.html class=\"btn btn--green\">Check out Scribbr&#8217;s Harvard Reference Generator<\/a><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"mla\">MLA<\/h3>\n<p><a href=index-1779.html>MLA style<\/a> is the official style of the Modern Language Association, defined in the <em>MLA Handbook <\/em>(9th edition). It\u2019s widely used across various humanities disciplines. Unlike most parenthetical citation styles, it\u2019s author-page rather than author-date.<\/p>\n<table class=\"kb-apa-example\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=index-3339.html>MLA Works Cited entry<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Davidson, Clare. \u201cReading in Bed with <em>Troilus and Criseyde<\/em>.\u201d <em>The Chaucer Review<\/em>, vol. 55, no. 2, Apr. 2020, pp. 147\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5325\/chaucerrev.55.2.0147.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=index-3340.html>MLA in-text citation<\/a><\/td>\n<td>(Davidson 155)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\t<h6 class=\"h3\">Generate accurate MLA citations with Scribbr<\/h6>\n\n<div style=\"min-height: 96px\">\n  <auto-cite style=\"position:relative;z-index:1\" locale=en_US baseurl=https:\/\/autocite.cgs.scribbr.com domain=com citationstyle=mla env=production><\/auto-cite>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2 id=\"numerical\">Numerical citation styles<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"acs\">ACS<\/h3>\n<p>The American Chemical Society (ACS) provides guidelines for a citation style using numbers in superscript or italics in the text, corresponding to entries in a numbered reference list at the end. It is used in chemistry.<\/p>\n<table class=\"kb-apa-example\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>ACS reference entry<\/td>\n<td>1. Hutchinson, G.; Alamillo-Ferrer, C.; Fern\u00e1ndez-Pascual, M.; Bur\u00e9s, J. Organocatalytic Enantioselective \u03b1-Bromination of Aldehydes with <em>N<\/em>-Bromosuccinimide. <em>J. Org. Chem.<\/em> <strong>2022<\/strong>, 87, \u00a0 7968\u20137974.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left yellow\"><figcaption>Note<\/figcaption>ACS also provides guidelines for an alternate author-date style of citation, but this is less commonly used than the numerical version.<\/figure>\n<h3 id=\"ama\">AMA<\/h3>\n<p>The American Medical Association (<a href=index-3330.html>AMA<\/a>) provides guidelines for a numerical citation style using superscript numbers in the text, which correspond to entries in a numbered reference list. It is used in the field of medicine.<\/p>\n<table class=\"kb-apa-example\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=index-3341.html>AMA reference entry<\/a><\/td>\n<td>1. Jabro JD. Predicting saturated hydraulic conductivity from percolation test results in layered silt loam soils. <em>J Environ Health<\/em>. 2009;72(5):22\u201327.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 id=\"cse-citation-name-sequence\">CSE citation-name or citation-sequence<\/h3>\n<p>CSE style includes multiple options for citing your sources, including the citation-name and citation-sequence systems. Your references are listed alphabetically in the citation-name system; in the citation-sequence system, they appear in the order in which you cited them.<\/p>\n<table class=\"kb-apa-example\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>CSE citation-sequence or citation-name reference entry<\/td>\n<td>1. Nell CS, Mooney KA. Plant structural complexity mediates trade-off in direct and indirect plant defense by birds. Ecology. 2019;100(10):1\u20137.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left yellow\"><figcaption>Note<\/figcaption>This should not be confused with <a href=index-2687.html#cse-name-year\">CSE name-year<\/a>.<\/figure>\n<h3 id=\"ieee\">IEEE<\/h3>\n<p>The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (<a href=index-3329.html>IEEE<\/a>) provides guidelines for citing your sources with <a href=index-3342.html>IEEE in-text citations<\/a> that consist of numbers enclosed in brackets, corresponding to entries in a numbered reference list. This style is used in various engineering and IT disciplines.<\/p>\n<table class=\"kb-apa-example\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>IEEE reference entry<\/td>\n<td>1. J. Ive, A. Max, and F. Yvon, \u201cReassessing the proper place of man and machine in translation: A pre-translation scenario,\u201d <em>Mach. Transl.<\/em>, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 279\u2013308, Dec. 2018, doi: 10.1007\/s10590-018-9223-9.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 id=\"nlm\">NLM<\/h3>\n<p>The National Library of Medicine (NLM) citation style is defined in <em>Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers <\/em>(2nd edition).<\/p>\n<table class=\"kb-apa-example\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>NLM reference entry<\/td>\n<td>1. Hage J, Valadez JJ. Institutionalizing and sustaining social change in health systems: the case of Uganda. Health Policy Plan. 2017 Nov;32(9):1248\u201355. doi:10.1093\/heapol\/czx066.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 id=\"vancouver\">Vancouver<\/h3>\n<p><a href=index-3343.html>Vancouver style<\/a> is also used in various medical disciplines. As with Harvard style, a lot of institutions and publications have their own versions of Vancouver\u2014it doesn\u2019t have one fixed style guide.<\/p>\n<table class=\"kb-apa-example\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Vancouver reference entry<\/td>\n<td>1. Bute M. A backstage sociologist: Autoethnography and a populist vision. Am Soc. 2016 Mar 23; 47(4):499\u2013515. Available from: https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12108-016-9307-z doi:10.1007\/s12108-016-9307-z<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 id=\"note\">Note citation styles<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"bluebook\">Bluebook<\/h3>\n<p><em>The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation<\/em> is the main style guide for legal citations in the US. It\u2019s widely used in law, and also when legal materials need to be cited in other disciplines.<\/p>\n<table class=\"kb-apa-example\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Bluebook footnote citation<\/td>\n<td><sup>1<\/sup> David E. Pozen, <em>Freedom of Information Beyond the Freedom of Information Act<\/em>, 165, U. P\ud83c\udde6\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b. L. R\ud83c\uddea\ud83c\uddfb\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b. 1097, 1115 (2017).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 id=\"chicago-notes-bibliography\">Chicago notes and bibliography<\/h3>\n<p><a href=index-1780.html>Chicago notes and bibliography<\/a> is one of the two citation styles presented in the <em>Chicago Manual of Style <\/em>(17th edition). It\u2019s used mainly in the humanities.<\/p>\n<table class=\"kb-apa-example\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=index-3344.html>Chicago bibliography entry<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Best, Jeremy. \u201cGodly, International, and Independent: German Protestant Missionary Loyalties before World War I.\u201d <em>Central European History <\/em>47, no. 3 (September 2014): 585\u2013611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0008938914001654.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=index-3345.html>Chicago footnote<\/a><\/td>\n<td>1. Jeremy Best, \u201cGodly, International, and Independent: German Protestant Missionary Loyalties before World War I,\u201d <em>Central European History <\/em>47, no. 3 (September 2014): 599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0008938914001654.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left yellow\"><figcaption>Note<\/figcaption>This should not be confused with <a href=index-2687.html#chicago-author-date\">Chicago author-date<\/a>. Additionally, <a href=index-3334.html>Turabian style<\/a> is a version of Chicago that&#8217;s aimed at students and follows very similar rules.<\/figure>\n<h3 id=\"oscola\">OSCOLA<\/h3>\n<p>The <em>Oxford University Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities<\/em> (<a href=index-3346.html>OSCOLA<\/a>) is the main legal citation style in the UK (similar to Bluebook for the US).<\/p>\n<table class=\"kb-apa-example\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>OSCOLA footnote citation<\/td>\n<td>1. Chris Thornhill, \u2018The Mutation of International Law in Contemporary Constitutions: Thinking Sociologically about Political Constitutionalism\u2019 [2016] MLR 207.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n    <h2>Frequently asked questions about citation styles<\/h2>\n<dl class=\"faq-list faq-list--arrows w-100 my-5\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/FAQPage\">\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"types-of-citation-styles\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=index-3347.html class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        What are the different types of citation styles?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"types-of-citation-styles-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p>There are many different <a href=index-1052.html>citation styles<\/a> used across different academic disciplines, but they fall into three basic approaches to citation:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><strong><a href=index-3328.html>Parenthetical citations<\/a>: <\/strong>Including identifying details of the source in <a href=index-1829.html>parentheses<\/a>\u2014usually the author\u2019s last name and the publication date, plus a page number if available (<strong>author-date<\/strong>). The publication date is occasionally omitted (<strong>author-page<\/strong>).<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><strong>Numerical citations: <\/strong>Including a number in brackets or superscript, corresponding to an entry in your numbered reference list.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Note citations: <\/strong>Including a full citation in a <a href=index-3348.html>footnote<\/a> or <a href=index-3349.html>endnote<\/a>, which is indicated in the text with a superscript number or symbol.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"which-citation-style\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=index-3350.html class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        Which citation style should I use?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"which-citation-style-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p>Check if your university or course guidelines specify which <a href=index-1052.html>citation style<\/a> to use. If the choice is left up to you, consider which style is most commonly used in your field.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><a href=index-1778.html>APA Style<\/a> is the most popular citation style, widely used in the social and behavioral sciences.<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><a href=index-1779.html>MLA style<\/a> is the second most popular, used mainly in the humanities.<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><a href=index5d3a.html?cat_ID=6173\%22>Chicago notes and bibliography style<\/a> is also popular in the humanities, especially history.<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><a href=index-2686.html>Chicago author-date style<\/a> tends to be used in the sciences.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Other more specialized styles exist for certain fields, such as <em>Bluebook<\/em> and <a href=index-3346.html>OSCOLA<\/a> for law.<\/p>\n<p>The most important thing is to choose one style and use it consistently throughout your text.<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"what-are-scientific-citation-styles\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=index-3351.html class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        What are scientific citation styles?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"what-are-scientific-citation-styles-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p>A scientific <a href=index-1052.html>citation style<\/a> is a system of source citation that is used in scientific disciplines. Some commonly used scientific citation styles are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=index-2686.html>Chicago author-date<\/a>, <a href=index-2687.html#cse-name-year\">CSE<\/a>, and <a href=index-3335.html>Harvard<\/a>, used across various sciences<\/li>\n<li><a href=index-2687.html#acs\">ACS<\/a>, used in chemistry<\/li>\n<li><a href=index-3330.html>AMA<\/a>, <a href=index-2687.html#nlm\">NLM<\/a>, and <a href=index-3343.html>Vancouver<\/a>, used in medicine and related disciplines<\/li>\n<li><a href=index-2687.html#aaa\">AAA<\/a>, <a href=index-1778.html>APA<\/a>, and <a href=index-2687.html#asa\">ASA<\/a>, commonly used in the social sciences<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"who-uses-apa-format\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=index-3352.html class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        Who uses APA Style?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"who-uses-apa-format-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p><a href=index-3353.html>APA format<\/a> is widely used by professionals, researchers, and students in the social and behavioral sciences, including fields like education, psychology, and business.<\/p>\n<p>Be sure to check the guidelines of your university or the journal you want to be published in to double-check which style you should be using.<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"who-uses-mla-style\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=index-3354.html class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        Who uses MLA style?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"who-uses-mla-style-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p><a href=index-1779.html>MLA Style<\/a>\u00a0is the second most used <a href=index-1052.html>citation style<\/a> (after <a href=index-1778.html>APA<\/a>). It is mainly used by students and researchers in humanities fields such as literature, languages, and philosophy.<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/dl>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A citation style is a set of guidelines on how to cite sources in your academic writing. You always need a citation whenever you quote, paraphrase, or summarize a source to avoid plagiarism. How you present these citations depends on the style you follow. Scribbr&#8217;s citation generator can help! Different styles are set by different [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":95,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":""},"categories":[68],"tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<title>Citation Styles Guide | Examples for All Major Styles<\/title>\n
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