{"id":23650,"count":103,"description":"Research methods are specific procedures for collecting and analyzing data. Developing your research methods is an integral part of your <a href=index-2766.html>research design<\/a>. When planning your methods, there are two key decisions you will make.\r\n\r\nFirst, decide how you will <strong>collect data<\/strong>. Your methods depend on what type of data you need to answer your<a href=index-1762.html> research question<\/a>:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Qualitative vs. quantitative<\/strong>: Will your data take the form of words or numbers?<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Primary vs. secondary<\/strong>: Will you collect original data yourself, or will you use data that has already been collected by someone else?<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Descriptive vs. experimental<\/strong>: Will you take measurements of something as it is, or will you perform an experiment?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nSecond, decide how you will <strong>analyze the data<\/strong>.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>For quantitative data, you can use statistical analysis methods to test relationships between variables.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>For qualitative data, you can use methods such as thematic analysis to interpret patterns and meanings in the data.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<!--more-->\r\n<h2 id=\"data-collection\">Methods for collecting data<\/h2>\r\nData is the information that you collect for the purposes of answering your <a href=index-2767.html>research question<\/a>. The type of data you need depends on the aims of your research.\r\n<div class=\"card youtubeContainer\"><iframe src=3dd8p6iyzde438d.html?rel=0\%22 frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\r\n<h3>Qualitative vs. quantitative data<\/h3>\r\nYour choice of <a href=index-2768.html>qualitative or quantitative<\/a> data collection depends on the type of knowledge you want to develop.\r\n\r\nFor questions about ideas, experiences and meanings, or to study something that can't be described numerically, collect <span class=\"highlight-purple\">qualitative data<\/span>.\r\n\r\nIf you want to develop a more mechanistic understanding of a topic, or your research involves <a href=index-2769.html>hypothesis testing<\/a>, collect <span class=\"highlight-blue\">quantitative data<\/span>.\r\n<table class=\"kb-table responsive-inline full-width auto-th\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th><\/th>\r\n<th>\r\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\r\n \t<li>Pros<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/th>\r\n<th>\r\n<ul class=\"kb-errorlist\">\r\n \t<li>Cons<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th><span class=\"highlight-purple\">Qualitative<\/span><\/th>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Flexible \u2013 you can often adjust your methods as you go to develop new knowledge.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Can be conducted with small samples.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Can\u2019t be analyzed statistically, and not <a href=index-2770.html>generalizable<\/a> to broader populations.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Difficult to standardize research, at higher risk for <a href=index-2771.html>research bias<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th><span class=\"highlight-blue\">Quantitative<\/span><\/th>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Can be used to systematically describe large collections of things.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Generates reproducible knowledge.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Requires statistical training to analyze data.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Requires larger <a href=index-2772.html style=\"font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\">samples<\/a><span style=\"font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;\">.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nYou can also take a <a href=index-2773.html>mixed methods approach<\/a>, where you use both qualitative and quantitative research methods.\r\n<h3>Primary vs. secondary research<\/h3>\r\n<a href=index-2774.html><span class=\"highlight-green\">Primary research<\/span><\/a> is any original data that you collect yourself for the purposes of answering your research question (e.g. through <a href=index-2775.html>surveys<\/a>, observations and <a href=index-2776.html>experiments<\/a>). <a href=index-2777.html><span class=\"highlight-orange\">Secondary research<\/span><\/a> is data that has already been collected by other researchers (e.g. in a government census or previous scientific studies).\r\n\r\nIf you are exploring a novel research question, you'll probably need to collect <a href=index-2778.html>primary data<\/a>. But if you want to synthesize existing knowledge, analyze historical trends, or identify patterns on a large scale, <a href=index-2778.html>secondary data<\/a> might be a better choice.\r\n<table class=\"kb-table responsive-inline full-width auto-th\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th><\/th>\r\n<th>\r\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\r\n \t<li>Pros<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/th>\r\n<th>\r\n<ul class=\"kb-errorlist\">\r\n \t<li>Cons<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th><span class=\"highlight-green\">Primary<\/span><\/th>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Can be collected to answer your specific <a href=index-2767.html>research question<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>You have control over the sampling and measurement methods.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>More expensive and time-consuming to collect.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Requires training in <a href=index-2779.html>data collection<\/a> methods.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th><span class=\"highlight-orange\">Secondary<\/span><\/th>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Easier and faster to access.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>You can collect data that spans longer timescales and broader geographical locations.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>No control over how data was generated.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Requires extra processing to make sure it works for your analysis.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h3>Descriptive vs. experimental data<\/h3>\r\nIn <span class=\"highlight-yellow\"><a href=index-2780.html>descriptive research<\/a><\/span>, you collect data about your study subject without intervening. The <a href=index-2781.html>validity<\/a> of your research will depend on your <a href=index-2772.html>sampling method<\/a>.\r\n\r\nIn <span class=\"highlight-red\"><a href=index-2782.html>experimental research<\/a><\/span>, you systematically intervene in a process and measure the outcome. The validity of your research will depend on your <a href=index-2776.html>experimental design<\/a>.\r\n\r\nTo conduct an experiment, you need to be able to vary your <a href=index-2783.html#independent-vs-dependent\">independent variable<\/a>, precisely measure your dependent variable, and control for <a href=index-2783.html#other-common-types-of-variables\">confounding variables<\/a>. If it's practically and ethically possible, this method is the best choice for answering questions about cause and effect.\r\n<table class=\"kb-table responsive-inline full-width auto-th\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th><\/th>\r\n<th>\r\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\r\n \t<li>Pros<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/th>\r\n<th>\r\n<ul class=\"kb-errorlist\">\r\n \t<li>Cons<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th><span class=\"highlight-yellow\">Descriptive<\/span><\/th>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Allows you to describe your research subject without influencing it.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Accessible \u2013 you can gather more data on a larger scale.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>No control over <a href=index-2784.html>confounding variables<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Can\u2019t establish <a href=_.html>causality<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th><span class=\"highlight-red\">Experimental<\/span><\/th>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>More control over confounding variables.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Can establish causality.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>You might influence your research subject in unexpected ways.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Usually requires more expertise and resources to collect data.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2 id=\"examples\">Examples of data collection methods<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"card youtubeContainer\"><iframe src=q17s84adgfaa85f.html?rel=0\%22 frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\r\n<table class=\"kb-table responsive-inline full-width auto-th\"><caption>Research methods for collecting data<\/caption>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Research method<\/th>\r\n<th>Primary or secondary?<\/th>\r\n<th>Qualitative or quantitative?<\/th>\r\n<th>When to use<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th><a href=index-2776.html>Experiment<\/a><\/th>\r\n<td><span class=\"highlight-green\">Primary<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td><span class=\"highlight-blue\">Quantitative<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td>To test cause-and-effect relationships.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th><a href=index-2775.html>Survey<\/a><\/th>\r\n<td><span class=\"highlight-green\">Primary<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td><span class=\"highlight-blue\">Quantitative<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td>To understand general characteristics of a population.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Interview\/focus group<\/th>\r\n<td><span class=\"highlight-green\">Primary<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td><span class=\"highlight-purple\">Qualitative<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td>To gain more in-depth understanding of a topic.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Observation<\/th>\r\n<td><span class=\"highlight-green\">Primary<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td>Either<\/td>\r\n<td>To understand how something occurs in its natural setting.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th><a href=index-1575.html>Literature review<\/a><\/th>\r\n<td><span class=\"highlight-orange\">Secondary<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td>Either<\/td>\r\n<td>To situate your research in an existing body of work, or to evaluate trends within a research topic.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th><a href=_-2.html>Case study<\/a><\/th>\r\n<td>Either<\/td>\r\n<td>Either<\/td>\r\n<td>To gain an in-depth understanding of a specific group or context, or when you don\u2019t have the resources for a large study.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2 id=\"data-analysis\">Methods for analyzing data<\/h2>\r\nYour data analysis methods will depend on the type of data you collect and how you prepare it for analysis.\r\n\r\nData can often be analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. For example, survey responses could be analyzed qualitatively by studying the meanings of responses or quantitatively by studying the frequencies of responses.\r\n<h3><span class=\"highlight-purple\">Qualitative analysis methods<\/span><\/h3>\r\nQualitative analysis is used to understand words, ideas, and experiences. You can use it to interpret data that was collected:\r\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\r\n \t<li>From open-ended <a href=_-3.html>surveys<\/a> and <a href=_-4.html>interviews<\/a>, <a href=index-1575.html>literature reviews<\/a>, <a href=_-5.html>case studies<\/a>, <a href=_-6.html>ethnographies<\/a>, and other sources that use text rather than numbers.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Using <a href=index-2785.html#non-probability-sampling\">non-probability sampling methods<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nQualitative analysis tends to be quite flexible and relies on the researcher\u2019s judgement, so you have to reflect carefully on your choices and assumptions and be careful to avoid <a href=index-2771.html>research bias<\/a>.\r\n<h3><span class=\"highlight-blue\">Quantitative analysis methods<\/span><\/h3>\r\nQuantitative analysis uses numbers and statistics to understand frequencies, averages and <a href=_-7.html>correlations<\/a> (in descriptive studies) or cause-and-effect relationships (in experiments).\r\n\r\nYou can use quantitative analysis to interpret data that was collected either:\r\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\r\n \t<li>During an <a href=index-2782.html>experiment<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Using <a href=index-2785.html#probability-sampling\">probability sampling methods<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nBecause the data is collected and analyzed in a statistically valid way, the results of quantitative analysis can be easily standardized and shared among researchers.\r\n<h2 id=\"examples-analysis\">Examples of data analysis methods<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"card youtubeContainer\"><iframe src=rnulptwlfmqa85f.html?rel=0\%22 frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\r\n<table class=\"kb-table responsive-inline full-width auto-th\"><caption>Research methods for analyzing data<\/caption>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Research method<\/th>\r\n<th>Qualitative or quantitative?<\/th>\r\n<th>When to use<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th><a href=_-8.html>Statistical analysis<\/a><\/th>\r\n<td><span class=\"highlight-blue\">Quantitative<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td>To analyze data collected in a statistically valid manner (e.g. from experiments, surveys, and observations).<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Meta-analysis<\/th>\r\n<td><span class=\"highlight-blue\">Quantitative<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td>To statistically analyze the results of a large collection of studies.\r\n\r\nCan only be applied to studies that collected data in a statistically valid manner.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th><a href=_-9.html>Thematic analysis<\/a><\/th>\r\n<td><span class=\"highlight-purple\">Qualitative<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td>To analyze data collected from interviews, <a href=_-10.html>focus groups<\/a>, or textual sources.\r\n\r\nTo understand general themes in the data and how they are communicated.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th><a href=_-11.html>Content analysis<\/a><\/th>\r\n<td>Either<\/td>\r\n<td>To analyze large volumes of textual or visual data collected from surveys, literature reviews, or other sources.\r\n\r\nCan be quantitative (i.e. frequencies of words) or qualitative (i.e. meanings of words).<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2 id=\"other\">Other interesting articles<\/h2>\r\n<p data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\">If you want to know more about <a href=index3ca0.html?cat_ID=39099\%22 class=\"ProsemirrorEditor-link\">statistics<\/a>, <a href=indexede0.html?cat_ID=23650\%22 class=\"ProsemirrorEditor-link\">methodology<\/a>, or <a href=index9cc3.html?cat_ID=50153\%22 class=\"ProsemirrorEditor-link\">research bias<\/a>, make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"container\">\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-md\" style=\"background-color: #e8f2fc; padding: 1.27rem 1.56rem; line-height: 1.8; border-radius: .5rem; margin-right: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0.5rem;\">\r\n\r\n<strong><em class=\"fa fa-bar-chart\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/em>Statistics<\/strong>\r\n<ul style=\"padding: 5px;\">\r\n \t<li><a href=index40d7.html?p=382651\%22>Chi square test of independence<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=index2956.html?p=302911\%22>Statistical power<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=index96b6.html?p=163697\%22>Descriptive statistics<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=index7f66.html?p=394428\%22>Degrees of freedom<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=indexf836.html?p=379837\%22>Pearson correlation<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=indexf86b.html?p=378453\%22>Null hypothesis<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"col-md\" style=\"background-color: #e8f2fc; padding: 1.27rem 1.56rem; line-height: 1.8; border-radius: .5rem; margin-right: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0.5rem;\">\r\n\r\n<strong><em class=\"fa fa-list-ul\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/em> Methodology<\/strong>\r\n<ul style=\"padding: 5px;\">\r\n \t<li><a href=index492f.html?p=163934\%22>Double-blind study<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=index3b2b.html?p=471963\%22>Case-control study<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=index2f3e.html?p=326667\%22>Research ethics<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=index70e2.html?p=157852\%22>Data collection<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=index1093.html?p=96730\%22>Hypothesis testing<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=index13e2.html?p=356020\%22>Structured interviews<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"col-md\" style=\"background-color: #e8f2fc; padding: 1.27rem 1.56rem; line-height: 1.8; border-radius: .5rem; margin-right: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0.5rem;\">\r\n\r\n<strong><em class=\"fa fa-globe\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/em> Research bias<\/strong>\r\n<ul style=\"padding: 5px;\">\r\n \t<li><a href=indexcff6.html?p=426973\%22>Hawthorne effect<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=index2618.html?p=478406\%22>Unconscious bias<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=index5625.html?p=439541\%22>Recall bias<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=indexd41b.html?p=448068\%22>Halo effect<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=indexbc74.html?p=478279\%22>Self-serving bias<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=index1195.html?p=444380\%22>Information bias<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n[FAQ-article]","link":"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/category\/methodology\/","name":"Methodology","slug":"methodology","taxonomy":"category","parent":0,"meta":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<title>Research Methods | Definitions, Types, Examples<\/title>\n
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Common methods include surveys, experiments, interviews, and observations.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=_-12.html \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Methodology Archieven\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/category\/methodology\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Scribbr\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/2019\/12\/before-editing.png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"CollectionPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/category\/methodology\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/category\/methodology\/\",\"name\":\"Research Methods | Definitions, Types, Examples\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/#website\"},\"description\":\"Research methods are ways of collecting and analyzing data. 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