{"id":304364,"date":"2021-03-09T20:43:53","date_gmt":"2021-03-09T19:43:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scribbr.nl\/?p=304364"},"modified":"2022-08-23T11:45:44","modified_gmt":"2022-08-23T09:45:44","slug":"annotated-bibliography","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citing-sources\/annotated-bibliography\/","title":{"rendered":"What Is an Annotated Bibliography? | Examples &#038; Format"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>An annotated bibliography is a list of <a href=index-1775.html>source references<\/a> that includes a short descriptive text (an annotation) for each source. It may be assigned as part of the research process for a <a href=index-1576.html>paper<\/a>, or as an individual assignment to gather and read relevant sources on a topic.<\/p>\n<p>Scribbr\u2019s free <a href=index-991.html>Citation Generator <\/a>allows you to easily create and manage your annotated bibliography in APA or MLA style. To generate a perfectly formatted annotated bibliography, select the source type, fill out the relevant fields, and add your annotation.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"min-height: 96px\">\n  <auto-cite style=\"position:relative;z-index:1\" locale=en_US baseurl=https:\/\/autocite.cgs.scribbr.com domain=com citationstyle=apa,mla env=production><\/auto-cite>\n<\/div>\n\n<p>An example of an annotated source is shown below:<\/p>\n<p><a href=index-4499.html class=\"colorbox\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=index-4499.html alt=\"Annotated source example\" width=\"660\" class=\"aligncenter mt-4 mb-5\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"format\">Annotated bibliography format: APA, MLA, Chicago<\/h2>\n<p>Make sure your annotated bibliography is formatted according to the guidelines of the <a href=index-1052.html>style guide<\/a> you\u2019re working with. Three common styles are covered below:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><a href=index-4500.html#apa\">APA<\/a><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><a href=index-4500.html#mla\">MLA<\/a><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><a href=index-4500.html#chicago\">Chicago<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"apa\">APA Style<\/h3>\n<p>In <a href=index-1778.html>APA Style<\/a>, both the <a href=index-3331.html>reference entry<\/a> and the annotation should be double-spaced and left-aligned.<\/p>\n<p>The reference entry itself should have a <a href=index-3635.html>hanging indent<\/a>. The annotation follows on the next line, and the whole annotation should be indented to match the hanging indent. The first line of any additional paragraphs should be indented an additional time.<\/p>\n<p>The <a href=index-2715.html>APA Citation Generator<\/a> automatically formats your annotations when you download your bibliography.<a href=index-4501.html class=\"colorbox\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=index-4501.html alt=\"APA annotated bibliography\" width=\"660\" class=\"aligncenter mt-4 mb-5\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"mla\">MLA style<\/h3>\n<p>In an <a href=index-3361.html>MLA style annotated bibliography<\/a>, the <a href=index-3339.html>Works Cited<\/a> entry and the annotation are both double-spaced and left-aligned.<\/p>\n<p>The Works Cited entry has a hanging indent. The annotation itself is indented 1 inch (twice as far as the hanging indent). If there are two or more paragraphs in the annotation, the first line of each paragraph is indented an additional half-inch, but <strong>not <\/strong>if there is only one paragraph.<\/p>\n<p>If you\u2019re using the <a href=index-3459.html>MLA Citation Generator<\/a>, your annotations will be correctly formatted when you download your bibliography.<a href=index-4502.html class=\"colorbox\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=index-4502.html alt=\"MLA annotated bibliography\" width=\"660\" class=\"aligncenter mt-4 mb-5\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"chicago\">Chicago style<\/h3>\n<p>In a\u00a0<a href=index-4503.html>Chicago style annotated bibliography<\/a>, the bibliography entry itself should be single-spaced and feature a hanging indent.<\/p>\n<p>The annotation should be indented, double-spaced, and left-aligned. The first line of any additional paragraphs should be indented an additional time.<\/p>\n<p><a href=index-4504.html class=\"colorbox\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=index-4504.html alt=\"Chicago annotated bibliography\" width=\"660\" class=\"aligncenter mt-4 mb-5\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"write\">How to write an annotated bibliography<\/h2>\n<p>For each source, start by writing (or <a href=index-2715.html>generating<\/a>) a full reference entry that gives the author, title, date, and other information. The <a href=index-4500.html#format\">annotated bibliography format<\/a> varies based on the <a href=index-1052.html>citation style<\/a> you\u2019re using.<\/p>\n<p>The annotations themselves are usually between 50 and 200 words in length, typically formatted as a single paragraph. This can vary depending on the word count of the assignment, the relative length and importance of different sources, and the number of sources you include.<\/p>\n<p>Consider the instructions you\u2019ve been given or consult your instructor to determine what kind of annotations they\u2019re looking for:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><strong><a href=index-4500.html#descriptive\">Descriptive annotations<\/a>:<\/strong> When the assignment is just about gathering and summarizing information, focus on the key arguments and methods of each source.<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><strong><a href=index-4500.html#evaluative\">Evaluative annotations<\/a>:<\/strong> When the assignment is about <a href=index-3131.html>evaluating the sources<\/a>, you should also assess the <a href=index-4134.html>validity<\/a> and effectiveness of these arguments and methods.<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><strong><a href=index-4500.html#reflective\">Reflective annotations<\/a>:<\/strong> When the assignment is part of a larger research process, you need to consider the relevance and usefulness of the sources to your own research.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These specific terms won\u2019t necessarily be used. The important thing is to understand the purpose of your assignment and pick the approach that matches it best. Interactive examples of the different styles of annotation are shown below.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"descriptive\">Descriptive annotation example<\/h2>\n<p>A descriptive annotation <a href=index-3262.html>summarizes<\/a> the approach and arguments of a source in an objective way, without attempting to assess their validity.<\/p>\n<p>In this way, it resembles an <a href=index-3119.html>abstract<\/a>, but you should never just copy text from a source\u2019s abstract, as this would be considered <a href=index-1154.html>plagiarism<\/a>. You\u2019ll naturally cover similar ground, but you should also consider whether the abstract omits any important points from the full text.<\/p>\n<p>The interactive example shown below describes an article about the relationship between business regulations and CO<sub>2<\/sub> emissions.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox document annotatedExample\" ><figcaption>Example: Descriptive annotation<\/figcaption><div class=\"doc-wrap\"><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"text-indent\">Rieger, A. (2019). Doing business and increasing emissions? An exploratory analysis of the impact of business regulation on CO<sub>2<\/sub> emissions. <em>Human Ecology Review<\/em>,<em> 25<\/em>(1), 69\u201386. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/26964340<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"apa-blockquote\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Rieger gauges the environmental effects of pro-business regulation by assessing the relationship between business climate (as measured in a World Bank data set) and CO<sub>2<\/sub> emissions in developing nations. She estimates a time-series cross-sectional Prais\u2013Winsten regression model to test this relationship, and finds a statistically significant positive association between the two variables. Based on this, she argues that the promotion of business climate encourages environmental load displacement from developed to developing nations.<\/div>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n<h2 id=\"evaluative\">Evaluative annotation example<\/h2>\n<p>An evaluative annotation also describes the content of a source, but it goes on to evaluate elements like the <a href=index-4134.html>validity<\/a> of the source\u2019s arguments and the appropriateness of its <a href=index-1758.html>methods<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>For example, the following annotation describes, and evaluates the effectiveness of, a book about the history of Western philosophy.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox document annotatedExample\" ><figcaption>Example: Evaluative annotation<\/figcaption><div class=\"doc-wrap\"><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"text-indent\">Kenny, A. (2010). <em>A new history of Western philosophy: In four parts<\/em>. Oxford University Press.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"apa-blockquote\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Kenny presents a broad history of Western philosophy from the ancient Greeks to the present day. The book is divided into four periods: ancient, medieval, early modern, and modern. Each section begins with a chronological overview of the key thinkers, followed by chapters dedicated to each significant subfield in the period: metaphysics, political philosophy, God, etc. Kenny generally provides thorough and fair assessments of the major philosophers\u2019 work, but is pointedly dismissive of Derrida and other critical theorists, significantly weakening the book\u2019s coverage of \u201cpostmodern\u201d philosophy.<\/div>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n<h2 id=\"reflective\">Reflective annotation example<\/h2>\n<p>A reflective annotation is similar to an evaluative one, but it focuses on the source\u2019s usefulness or relevance to your own research.<\/p>\n<p>Reflective annotations are often required when the point is to gather sources for a future research project, or to assess how they were used in a project you already completed.<\/p>\n<p>The annotation below assesses the usefulness of a particular article for the author\u2019s own research in the field of media studies.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox document annotatedExample\" ><figcaption>Example: Reflective annotation<\/figcaption><div class=\"doc-wrap\"><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"text-indent\">Manovich, Lev. (2009). The practice of everyday (media) life: From mass consumption to mass cultural production? <em>Critical Inquiry<\/em>,<em> 35<\/em>(2), 319\u2013331. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.1086\/596645<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"apa-blockquote\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Manovich\u2019s article assesses the shift from a consumption-based media culture (in which media content is produced by a small number of professionals and consumed by a mass audience) to a production-based media culture (in which this mass audience is just as active in producing content as in consuming it). He is skeptical of some of the claims made about this cultural shift; specifically, he argues that the shift towards user-made content must be regarded as more reliant upon commercial media production than it is typically acknowledged to be. However, he regards web 2.0 as an exciting ongoing development for art and media production, citing its innovation and unpredictability.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The article is outdated in certain ways (it dates from 2009, before the launch of Instagram, to give just one example). Nevertheless, its critical engagement with the possibilities opened up for media production by the growth of social media is valuable in a general sense, and its conceptualization of these changes frequently applies just as well to more current social media platforms as it does to Myspace. Conceptually, I intend to draw on this article in my own analysis of the social dynamics of Twitter and Instagram.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n<h2 id=\"find-sources\">Finding sources for your annotated bibliography<\/h2>\n<p>Before you can write your annotations, you\u2019ll need to <a href=index-3129.html>find sources<\/a>. If the annotated bibliography is part of the <a href=index-2946.html>research process<\/a> for a paper, your sources will be those you consult and cite as you prepare the paper. Otherwise, your assignment and your choice of topic will guide you in what kind of sources to look for.<\/p>\n<p>Make sure that you\u2019ve clearly defined your <a href=index-3269.html>topic<\/a>, and then consider what keywords are relevant to it, including variants of the terms. Use these keywords to search databases (e.g., <a href=index-3449.html>Google Scholar<\/a>), using <a href=index-3456.html>Boolean operators<\/a> to refine your search.<\/p>\n<p>Sources can include journal articles, books, and other <a href=index-2682.html>source types<\/a>, depending on the scope of the assignment. Read the abstracts or blurbs of the sources you find to see whether they\u2019re relevant, and try exploring their bibliographies to discover more. If a particular source keeps showing up, it\u2019s probably important.<\/p>\n<p>Once you\u2019ve selected an appropriate range of sources, read through them, taking notes that you can use to build up your annotations. You may even prefer to write your annotations as you go, while each source is fresh in your mind.<\/p>\n    <h2>Frequently asked questions about annotated bibliographies<\/h2>\n<dl class=\"faq-list faq-list--arrows w-100 my-5\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/FAQPage\">\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"what-is-annotated-bibliography\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=index-4505.html class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        What is an annotated bibliography?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"what-is-annotated-bibliography-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p>An <a href=index-1755.html>annotated bibliography<\/a> is an assignment where you collect <a href=index-1775.html>sources<\/a> on a specific <a href=index-3269.html>topic<\/a> and write an annotation for each source. An annotation is a short text that describes and sometimes evaluates the source.<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"source-types-annotated-bibliography\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=index-4506.html class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        What types of sources should I use in an annotated bibliography?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"source-types-annotated-bibliography-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p>Any <a href=index-3130.html>credible sources<\/a> on your <a href=index-3269.html>topic<\/a> can be included in an <a href=index-1755.html>annotated bibliography<\/a>. The exact sources you cover will vary depending on the assignment, but you should usually focus on collecting <a href=index-4507.html>journal articles<\/a> and scholarly <a href=index-4508.html>books<\/a>. When in doubt, utilize the <a href=index-3689.html>CRAAP test<\/a>!<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"write-an-annotation\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=index-4509.html class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        How do I write an annotation for a source?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"write-an-annotation-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p>Each annotation in an <a href=index-1755.html>annotated bibliography<\/a> is usually between 50 and 200 words long. Longer annotations may be divided into <a href=index-1767.html>paragraphs<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The content of the annotation varies according to your assignment. An annotation can be descriptive, meaning it just describes the source objectively; evaluative, meaning it assesses its usefulness; or reflective, meaning it explains how the <a href=index-1775.html>source<\/a> will be used in <a href=index-2946.html>your own research<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"source-annotation-vs-abstract\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=index-4510.html class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        Is a source annotation the same thing as an abstract?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"source-annotation-vs-abstract-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p>A source annotation in an <a href=index-1755.html>annotated bibliography<\/a> fulfills a similar purpose to an <a href=index-3119.html>abstract<\/a>: they\u2019re both intended to <a href=index-3262.html>summarize<\/a> the approach and key points of a source.<\/p>\n<p>However, an annotation may also <a href=index-3131.html>evaluate the source<\/a>, discussing the validity and effectiveness of its arguments. Even if your annotation is purely <a href=index-4500.html#descriptive\">descriptive<\/a>, you may have a different perspective on the source from the author and highlight different key points.<\/p>\n<p>You should never just copy text from the abstract for your annotation, as doing so constitutes <a href=index-1154.html>plagiarism<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/dl>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>An annotated bibliography is a list of source references that includes a short descriptive text (an annotation) for each source. It may be assigned as part of the research process for a paper, or as an individual assignment to gather and read relevant sources on a topic. Scribbr\u2019s free Citation Generator allows you to easily [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":95,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":""},"categories":[68],"tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<title>What Is an Annotated Bibliography? | Examples &amp; Format<\/title>\n
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