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Endnotes vs. footnotes<\/h2>\n
Endnotes are sometimes confused with footnotes<\/a>. Footnotes are also used to provide citations and\/or supplementary information, but they appear at the bottom of the relevant page instead of all together at the end.<\/p>\n Endnotes:<\/p>\n Footnotes:<\/p>\n You should usually choose either footnotes or endnotes and use them consistently. Your instructor may tell you which style of note to use.<\/p>\n Endnote numbers appear at the end of the clause or sentence the endnote relates to. The number appears after any punctuation, unless the clause ends with an em dash, in which case it appears before it. There\u2019s no space added after the number.<\/p>\n The general consensus now\u2014though there are dissenting voices1<\/sup>\u2014is that this experiment was simply too methodologically flawed to produce valid results.2<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n Endnotes are numbered consecutively in the order they appear in your text. Each note has a unique number; don\u2019t repeat the same number even if you cite the same source more than once.<\/p>\n In Chicago notes and bibliography style<\/a>, you use endnotes (or footnotes) for citations. Either kind of note can also be used to add extra information: further examples, commentary on the sources you cite, or more detailed discussion of ideas you mention in the text.<\/p>\n Place your Chicago endnotes<\/a> at the end of the relevant clause or sentence. A citation endnote provides full information about a source the first time you cite it, and shortened information for any further citations of that source.<\/p>\n Notes<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 1. Hanna Pickard, \u201cWhat Is Personality Disorder?\u201d Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology<\/em> 18, no. 3 (September 2011): 182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/ppp.2011.0040.<\/p>\n \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 2. Pickard, \u201cWhat Is Personality Disorder?\u201d 182.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n You should still include a full list of your sources in a bibliography<\/a> after the endnotes, unless you\u2019re writing a very short paper and have been told you don\u2019t need to.<\/p>\n The endnotes page appears just before the bibliography and starts with the title \u201cNotes\u201d written in bold and centered. The notes themselves are formatted as follows:<\/p>\n Either endnotes or footnotes may be used in APA Style<\/a> to provide additional information. They\u2019re not used for citation; for that you\u2019ll use APA in-text citations<\/a> instead.<\/p>\n APA endnotes<\/a> are used to provide copyright attributions<\/a> where necessary. They can also be used, for example, to elaborate on ideas in the text or provide further examples. Do this sparingly, however; APA cautions against adding unnecessary details.<\/p>\n Footnotes<\/strong><\/p>\n 1<\/sup> Copyright 2022 by Scribbr. Reprinted with permission.<\/p>\n \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 2<\/sup> Admittedly, the issue is not as straightforward as this brief summary suggests. See Prakash (2019) for a more in-depth consideration of \u2026<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n Endnotes appear on a separate page after the reference list<\/a>, with the heading \u201cFootnotes\u201d (confusingly, APA doesn\u2019t use the term \u201cendnotes\u201d) in bold and centered at the top.<\/p>\n The notes are written as double-spaced indented paragraphs. Start each note with its number, in superscript and followed by a space.<\/p>\n MLA in-text citations<\/a> appear in parentheses in the text, but you can use endnotes to avoid cluttering the text if you need a lot of citations in one place.<\/p>\n MLA endnotes<\/a> may also be used to provide additional information\u2014any necessary clarifications, further examples, or expansions of ideas covered briefly in the text.<\/p>\n Notes<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 1<\/sup> See James 35; Lanning 15\u201325; and Johnson 77.<\/p>\n \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a02<\/sup> Other nations, including Italy and France, were undergoing similar political convulsions during the same period.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n List your endnotes on a separate page before the Works Cited<\/a> list, and title them either \u201cNotes\u201d or \u201cEndnotes.\u201d Indent the first line of each endnote, and start the note with the number in superscript followed by a space. Endnotes should be double-spaced.<\/p>\n It\u2019s straightforward to insert endnotes automatically in many word processors, including Microsoft Word. Just follow these steps:<\/p>\n But if you’re following one of the styles covered above, do adjust the formatting to match their requirements and add a heading for the endnotes page.<\/p>\n Footnotes<\/a> appear at the bottom of the page they refer to. This is convenient for the reader but may cause your text to look cluttered if there are a lot of footnotes.<\/p>\n Endnotes<\/a> appear all together at the end of the whole text. This may be less convenient for the reader but reduces clutter.<\/p>\n Both footnotes and endnotes are used in the same way: to cite sources<\/a> or add extra information. You should usually choose one or the other to use in your text, not both.<\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/dd>\n <\/div>\n To insert endnotes<\/a> in Microsoft Word, follow the steps below:<\/p>\n If you need to change the type of notes used in a Word document from footnotes<\/a> to endnotes<\/a>, or the other way around, follow these steps:<\/p>\n Endnotes are notes that appear at the end of your text in a piece of academic writing. They\u2019re indicated in the text with numbers (or occasionally other symbols). Endnotes are used: For citations in certain styles To add extra information that doesn\u2019t fit smoothly into the main text<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":95,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":""},"categories":[68],"tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n
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How to use endnotes<\/h2>\n
Endnotes in Chicago style<\/h2>\n
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Endnotes in APA Style<\/h2>\n
Endnotes in MLA style<\/h2>\n
How to insert endnotes in Word<\/h2>\n
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Frequently asked questions about footnotes and endnotes<\/h2>\n
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