Ibid. is an abbreviation of the Latin \u201cibidem,\u201d meaning \u201cin the same place.\u201d<\/p>\n
It\u2019s used in citations<\/a> to quickly cite a source that you\u2019ve already cited in full in a previous footnote<\/a> or endnote<\/a>. This directs the reader to the previous citation.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n First, check whether the use of ibid. is permitted by your chosen citation style. Many styles no longer use ibid., as explained in the sections below. If you do use it, make sure that you:<\/p>\n Ibid.<\/strong> is one option for shortening citations in Chicago footnotes or endnotes<\/a>. The other option, more commonly used, is short notes<\/strong>.<\/p>\n To cite the same source and page number as you just cited, write “Ibid.” on its own.<\/p>\n When you are citing the same source, but different page numbers, write “Ibid.” followed by a comma and the relevant page number(s).<\/p>\n You can use ibid. several times in a row, but bear in mind that it only refers to the previous citation. Don\u2019t use ibid. to refer back to a source when you\u2019ve cited something else in between. Instead reintroduce the source.<\/p>\n Although the use of ibid. is still allowed, the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style<\/em> encourages you to use short notes <\/strong>instead.<\/p>\n Short notes are more versatile than ibid., since they can refer back not only to the previous source but to sources much earlier in the text.<\/p>\n The first time that you cite a source, provide a full citation. For subsequent citations, use a shortened version. To create a short note, include the:<\/p>\n Shortened titles should match the styling of the full title, using italics or quotation marks as appropriate.<\/p>\n No, APA and MLA do not use ibid.<\/p>\n This is because APA in-text citations<\/a> and MLA in-text citations<\/a> are both presented in parentheses rather than footnotes. These citations are already very short, so there\u2019s no need to shorten them further.<\/p>\n\n
How do I use ibid. in my writing?<\/h2>\n
\n
Ibid. in Chicago style<\/h2>\n
\n
\n
Using short notes instead<\/h3>\n
\n
\n
\n
Can I use ibid. in APA or MLA?<\/h2>\n