{"id":378761,"date":"2022-05-09T11:31:24","date_gmt":"2022-05-09T09:31:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scribbr.nl\/?p=378761"},"modified":"2022-08-23T11:42:14","modified_gmt":"2022-08-23T09:42:14","slug":"parenthetical-citation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citing-sources\/parenthetical-citation\/","title":{"rendered":"Parenthetical Citation | APA, MLA & Chicago Examples"},"content":{"rendered":"

A parenthetical citation gives credit in parentheses to a source that you\u2019re quoting<\/a> or paraphrasing<\/a>. It contains information such as the author\u2019s name, the publication date, and the page number(s) if relevant.<\/p>\n

Parenthetical citations are used in many citation styles, including MLA<\/a>, APA<\/a>, and Chicago<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Parenthetical citations should be placed at the end of the sentence or clause that contains the cited material, and they must always correspond to a full entry in your reference list.<\/p>\n

Example: MLA parenthetical citation<\/figcaption>Oscar Wilde believed that “the only question about a work of art was whether it was well or badly written\u201d (Kiberd 120).<\/figure>\n

<\/p>\n

Parenthetical citations in MLA<\/h2>\n

MLA in-text citations<\/a> are described as author-page <\/strong>citations. This means that the parentheses contain the author\u2019s last name <\/strong>and a page number <\/strong>or page range.<\/p>\n

Example: MLA parenthetical citation<\/figcaption>Art has been deeply impacted by technological advances, which have come to play a significant role in the reproduction of artworks (Benjamin 19).<\/figure>\n

When a source has two authors<\/strong>, include both names and put \u201cand\u201d between them. For sources with more than two authors<\/strong>, include only the first author\u2019s name, followed by \u201cet al.<\/a>\u201d<\/p>\n

Cite page numbers<\/strong> using a page range if you are citing multiple consecutive pages. If the pages are not consecutive, include all relevant page numbers, separated by commas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
MLA parenthetical citations<\/caption>\n
Author type<\/th>\nExample<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
1 author<\/td>\n(Bowen 36)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2 authors<\/td>\n(Bowen and Wallace 88\u201390)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3+ authors<\/td>\n(Bowen et al. 22, 44)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Parenthetical citations in APA<\/h2>\n

APA in-text citations<\/a>\u00a0 are described as author-date <\/strong>citations. This means that parenthetical citations should contain the author\u2019s last name<\/strong>, the publication date<\/strong>, and, if applicable, a page number <\/strong>or page range. These elements should be separated by commas.<\/p>\n

Example: APA parenthetical citation<\/figcaption>Each individual is influenced by aspects of a universal \u201ccollective unconscious\u201d known as \u201carchetypes\u201d (Jung, 2010, p. 4).<\/figure>\n

When a source has two authors<\/strong>, include both names and separate them using an ampersand (&). When a source has more than two authors<\/strong>, include only the first author\u2019s name, followed by \u201cet al.\u201d<\/p>\n

When citing specific pages, write \u201cp.\u201d before a single page number and \u201cpp.\u201d before a page range or series of nonconsecutive pages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
APA parenthetical citations<\/caption>\n
Author type<\/th>\nExample<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
1 author<\/td>\n(Smart, 2016, p. 12)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2 authors<\/td>\n(Smart & Mills, 2002, pp. 41\u201342)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3+ or more authors<\/td>\n(Smart et al., 2010, pp. 16, 22)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Narrative vs. parenthetical<\/h3>\n

APA also makes a distinction between parenthetical and narrative citations<\/strong>. You can use a mixture of the two in your text.<\/p>\n

In a narrative citation, the author\u2019s name <\/strong>appears as part of your sentence, introducing the cited information with a signal phrase. Only the publication date<\/strong> (and page numbers if included) appears in parentheses.<\/p>\n

Example: APA narrative citation<\/figcaption>Jung (2010) argues that each individual is influenced by aspects of a universal \u201ccollective unconscious\u201d known as \u201carchetypes\u201d (p. 4).<\/figure>\n

Both parenthetical and narrative citations are automatically generated when you cite a source using Scribbr\u2019s Citation Generator<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Parenthetical citations in Chicago<\/h2>\n

Chicago author-date style<\/a> (not to be confused with Chicago notes and bibliography<\/a>) uses author-date <\/strong>citations.<\/p>\n

These are parenthetical citations containing the author\u2019s last name<\/strong>, the publication date<\/strong>, and, if applicable, a page number <\/strong>or page range. Include a comma after the year, but not after the author\u2019s name.<\/p>\n

Example: Chicago parenthetical citation<\/figcaption>Systems made of \u201cmeaningless\u201d elements acquire meaning through self-reference and the obeyance of formal rules (Hofstadter 1999, 3).<\/figure>\n

When a source has two or three authors<\/strong>, include each of their names in your in-text citation. For more than four authors<\/strong>, include the name of the first author only, followed by \u201cet al.\u201d<\/p>\n

Cite page numbers<\/strong> using a page range if you are citing multiple consecutive pages. If the pages are not consecutive, include all relevant page numbers, separated by commas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Chicago parenthetical citations<\/caption>\n
Author type<\/th>\nExample<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
1 author<\/td>\n(Watson 2001, 201)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2\u20133 authors<\/td>\n(Watson, Berry, and Davies 2017, 30\u201332)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4+ authors<\/td>\n(Watson et al. 2014, 55, 78)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Frequently asked questions about parenthetical citations<\/h2>\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n What is a parenthetical citation?\n <\/span>\n <\/a>\n <\/dt>\n
\n
\n \n \n How do I use parenthetical citations in MLA?\n <\/span>\n <\/a>\n <\/dt>\n
\n
\n \n \n What’s the difference between narrative and parenthetical citations in APA?\n <\/span>\n <\/a>\n <\/dt>\n
\n
\n \n \n How do I use parenthetical citations in Chicago style?\n <\/span>\n <\/a>\n <\/dt>\n
\n
\n

A parenthetical citation<\/a> in Chicago author-date style<\/a> includes the author\u2019s last name, the publication date, and, if applicable, the relevant page number or page range in parentheses<\/a>. Include a comma<\/a> after the year, but not after the author\u2019s name.<\/p>\n

For example: (Swan 2003, 6)<\/p>\n

To automatically generate accurate Chicago references, you can use Scribbr’s free Chicago reference generator<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/dd>\n <\/div>\n <\/dl>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A parenthetical citation gives credit in parentheses to a source that you\u2019re quoting or paraphrasing. It contains information such as the author\u2019s name, the publication date, and the page number(s) if relevant. Parenthetical citations are used in many citation styles, including MLA, APA, and Chicago. Parenthetical citations should be placed at the end of the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":152,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":""},"categories":[68],"tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"Parenthetical Citation | APA, MLA & Chicago Examples<\/title>\n <!-- Mirrored from www.scribbr.com/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/378761 by HTTrack Website Copier/3.x [XR/YP'2000] --> <!-- Added by HTTrack --><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /><!-- /Added by HTTrack --> <meta name=\"description\" content=\"A parenthetical citation, such as (Barthes 22), gives credit in parentheses to a source that you are quoting or paraphrasing.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=index-3328.html \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Parenthetical Citation | APA, MLA & Chicago Examples\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A parenthetical citation gives credit in parentheses to a source that you\u2019re quoting or paraphrasing. 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