{"id":48524,"date":"2022-03-14T10:58:33","date_gmt":"2022-03-14T09:58:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scribbr.nl\/?p=48524"},"modified":"2022-08-23T11:40:54","modified_gmt":"2022-08-23T09:40:54","slug":"in-text-citation-styles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citing-sources\/in-text-citation-styles\/","title":{"rendered":"The Basics of In-Text Citation | APA &#038; MLA Examples"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>An<strong> in-text citation<\/strong> is a short acknowledgement you include whenever you quote or take information from a source in academic writing. It points the reader to the source so they can see where you got your information.<\/p>\n<p>In-text citations most commonly take the form of short parenthetical statements indicating the author and publication year of the source, as well as the page number if relevant.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left purple\"><figcaption>Example: APA Style in-text citation<\/figcaption>(Jackson, 2005, p. 16)<\/figure>\n<p>We also offer a<a href=index-991.html> free citation generator<\/a> and in-depth guides to the main citation styles.<\/p>\n\t<h6 class=\"h3\">Generate accurate citations with Scribbr<\/h6>\n\n<div style=\"min-height: 96px\">\n  <auto-cite style=\"position:relative;z-index:1\" locale=en_US baseurl=https:\/\/autocite.cgs.scribbr.com domain=com citationstyle=apa,mla env=production><\/auto-cite>\n<\/div>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=index-4001.html class=\"btn btn--green btn--small\">Go to APA examples<\/a><a href=index-4002.html class=\"btn btn--blue btn--small\">Go to MLA examples<\/a><a href=index-4003.html class=\"btn btn--purple btn--small\">Go to Chicago examples<\/a><!--more--><\/p>\n<h2>What are in-text citations for?<\/h2>\n<p>The point of an in-text citation is to show your reader where your information comes from. Including citations:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><a href=index-1792.html>Avoids plagiarism<\/a> by acknowledging the original author\u2019s contribution<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">Allows readers to verify your claims and do follow-up research<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">Shows you are engaging with the literature of your field<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=index-1794.html>Academic writing<\/a> is seen as an ongoing conversation among scholars, both within and between fields of study. Showing exactly how your own research draws on and interacts with existing sources is essential to keeping this conversation going.<\/p>\n<h2>When do you need an in-text citation?<\/h2>\n<p>An in-text citation should be included whenever you <strong>quote <\/strong>or <strong>paraphrase <\/strong>a source in your text.<\/p>\n<p><a href=index-1828.html>Quoting<\/a> means including the original author\u2019s words directly in your text, usually introduced by a <a href=index-3701.html>signal phrase<\/a>. Quotes should always be cited (and indicated with quotation marks), and you should include a page number indicating where in the source the quote can be found.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left purple\"><figcaption>Example: Quote with APA Style in-text citation\u00a0<\/figcaption>Evolution is a gradual process that \u201ccan act only by very short and slow steps\u201d (Darwin, 1859, p. 510).<\/figure>\n<p><a href=index-1249.html>Paraphrasing<\/a> means putting information from a source into your own words. In-text citations are just as important here as with quotes, to avoid the impression you\u2019re taking credit for someone else\u2019s ideas. Include page numbers where possible, to show where the information can be found.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left purple\"><figcaption>Example: Paraphrase with APA Style in-text citation<\/figcaption>The evolutionary process consists of a series of incremental changes over a long period of time (Darwin, 1859, p. 510).<\/figure>\n<p>However, to avoid over-citation, bear in mind that some information is considered <a href=index-1832.html>common knowledge<\/a> and doesn\u2019t need to be cited. For example, you don&#8217;t need a citation to prove that Paris is the capital city of France, and including one would be distracting.<\/p>\n<h2>Types of in-text citation<\/h2>\n<p>Different types of in-text citation are used in different <a href=index-1052.html>citation styles<\/a>. They always direct the reader to a reference list giving more complete information on each source.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Author-date <\/strong>citations (used in <a href=index-1778.html>APA<\/a>, <a href=index-3335.html>Harvard<\/a>, and <a href=index-2686.html>Chicago author-date<\/a>) include the author\u2019s last name, the year of publication, and a page number when available. <strong>Author-page <\/strong>citations (used in <a href=index-1779.html>MLA<\/a>) are the same except that the year is not included.<\/p>\n<p>Both types are divided into parenthetical and narrative citations. In a <a href=index-3328.html><strong>parenthetical citation<\/strong><\/a>, the author\u2019s name appears in parentheses along with the rest of the information. In a <strong>narrative citation<\/strong>, the author\u2019s name appears as part of your sentence, not in parentheses.<\/p>\n<table class=\"kb-table vertical-borders\">\n<caption>Examples of different types of in-text citation<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><\/th>\n<th>Parenthetical citation<\/th>\n<th>Narrative citation<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Author-date (APA)<\/th>\n<td>The treatment proved highly effective <span class=\"highlight-green\">(Smith, 2018, p. 11)<\/span>.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"highlight-green\">Smith<\/span> states that the treatment was highly effective <span class=\"highlight-green\">(2018, p. 11)<\/span>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Author-page (MLA)<\/th>\n<td>The treatment proved highly effective <span class=\"highlight-green\">(Smith 11)<\/span>.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"highlight-green\">Smith<\/span> states that the treatment was highly effective <span class=\"highlight-green\">(11)<\/span>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><small><strong>Note: <\/strong><a href=index-3348.html>Footnote<\/a> citations like those used in <a href=index-1780.html>Chicago notes and bibliography<\/a> are sometimes also referred to as in-text citations, but the citation itself appears in a note separate from the text.<small><\/small><\/small><\/p>\n    <h2>Frequently asked questions about in-text citations<\/h2>\n<dl class=\"faq-list faq-list--arrows w-100 my-5\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/FAQPage\">\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"what-is-in-text-citation\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=index-4004.html class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        What is an in-text citation?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"what-is-in-text-citation-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p>An <a href=index-3579.html>in-text citation<\/a> is an acknowledgement you include in your text whenever you <a href=index-1828.html>quote<\/a> or <a href=index-1249.html>paraphrase<\/a> a source. It usually gives the author&#8217;s last name, the year of publication, and the page number of the relevant text. In-text citations allow the reader to look up the full source information in your reference list and see your sources for themselves.<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"when-to-cite-sources\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=index-4005.html class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        When do I need to cite sources?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"when-to-cite-sources-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p>At college level, you must properly cite your sources in all <a href=index-1578.html>essays<\/a>,<a href=index-1576.html> research papers<\/a>, and other academic texts (except exams and in-class exercises).<\/p>\n<p>Add a citation whenever you <a href=index-1828.html>quote<\/a>, <a href=index-1249.html>paraphrase<\/a>, or <a href=index-3262.html>summarize<\/a> information or ideas from a source. You should also give full source details in a bibliography or reference list at the end of your text.<\/p>\n<p>The exact format of your citations depends on which <a href=index-1052.html>citation style<\/a> you are instructed to use. The most common styles are <a href=index-1778.html>APA<\/a>,<a href=index-1779.html> MLA<\/a>, and <a href=index5d3a.html?cat_ID=6173\%22>Chicago<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"which-citation-style\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=index-3350.html class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        Which citation style should I use?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"which-citation-style-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p>Check if your university or course guidelines specify which <a href=index-1052.html>citation style<\/a> to use. If the choice is left up to you, consider which style is most commonly used in your field.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><a href=index-1778.html>APA Style<\/a> is the most popular citation style, widely used in the social and behavioral sciences.<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><a href=index-1779.html>MLA style<\/a> is the second most popular, used mainly in the humanities.<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><a href=index5d3a.html?cat_ID=6173\%22>Chicago notes and bibliography style<\/a> is also popular in the humanities, especially history.<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><a href=index-2686.html>Chicago author-date style<\/a> tends to be used in the sciences.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Other more specialized styles exist for certain fields, such as <em>Bluebook<\/em> and <a href=index-3346.html>OSCOLA<\/a> for law.<\/p>\n<p>The most important thing is to choose one style and use it consistently throughout your text.<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/dl>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>An in-text citation is a short acknowledgement you include whenever you quote or take information from a source in academic writing. It points the reader to the source so they can see where you got your information. In-text citations most commonly take the form of short parenthetical statements indicating the author and publication year of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":95,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":""},"categories":[68],"tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<title>The Basics of In-Text Citation | APA &amp; MLA Examples<\/title>\n
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