{"id":50223,"count":14,"description":"<strong>Commas<\/strong> are used to split up different parts of a sentence, and when used correctly they bring clarity and flow to your writing. They're probably the most common piece of <a href=indexd54a.html?p=7918\%22>punctuation<\/a> in English, which means that they're often the most misused.\r\n\r\nThis article takes you through the most important comma rules and the most common mistakes in <a href=index-1794.html>academic writing<\/a>.\r\n<table class=\"kb-table responsive-inline full-width\"><caption>When to use a comma<\/caption>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th><\/th>\r\n<th>\r\n<ul class=\"kb-errorlist\">\r\n \t<li>Incorrect<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/th>\r\n<th>\r\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\r\n \t<li>Correct<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><a href=index537b-2.html?p=7926#commas-to-introduce-a-sentence\">Introducing a sentence<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td><span class=\"highlight-red\">Additionally<\/span> the project was delayed.<\/td>\r\n<td><span class=\"highlight-green\">Additionally,<\/span> the project was delayed.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><a href=index537b-2.html?p=7926#restrictive-vs-nonrestrictive-clauses\">Separating a nonrestrictive clause<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td>Matilda <span class=\"highlight-red\">who was unloved by her family<\/span> escaped from reality by reading.<\/td>\r\n<td>Matilda<span class=\"highlight-green\">, who was unloved by her family,<\/span> escaped from reality by reading.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><a href=index537b-2.html?p=7926#commas-in-compound-sentences\">Joining independent clauses with a coordinating conjunction<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td>Starfish aren't fish <span class=\"highlight-red\">so that's a <a href=index-4018.html>misnomer<\/a><\/span>.<\/td>\r\n<td>Starfish aren't fish<span class=\"highlight-green\">, so that's a misnomer<\/span>.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<table class=\"kb-table responsive-inline full-width\"><caption>When not to use a comma<\/caption>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th><\/th>\r\n<th>\r\n<ul class=\"kb-errorlist\">\r\n \t<li>Incorrect<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/th>\r\n<th>\r\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\r\n \t<li>Correct<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><a href=index537b-2.html?p=7926#avoid-splitting-subjects-from-verbs\">Between a verb and its subject<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td>This <span class=\"highlight-red\"><a href=index-4019.html>protagonist<\/a>, is<\/span> underdeveloped.<\/td>\r\n<td>This <span class=\"highlight-green\">protagonist is<\/span> underdeveloped.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><a href=index537b-2.html?p=7926#avoid-splitting-compound-subjects-or-objects\">Between compound subjects or objects<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td><span class=\"highlight-red\">A stack of pancakes, and <a href=index-4020.html>a lot<\/a> of coffee<\/span> make for a delicious breakfast.<\/td>\r\n<td><span class=\"highlight-green\">A stack of pancakes and a lot of coffee<\/span> make for a delicious breakfast.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><a href=index537b-2.html?p=7926#avoid-splitting-compound-predicates\">Between compound predicates<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td>We distributed questionnaires<span class=\"highlight-red\">, and conducted interviews<\/span>.<\/td>\r\n<td>We distributed questionnaires <span class=\"highlight-green\">and conducted interviews<\/span>.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><a href=index537b-2.html?p=7926#avoid-the-comma-splice\">Between independent clauses<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td><span class=\"highlight-red\">Profits fell,<\/span> the company collapsed.<\/td>\r\n<td><span class=\"highlight-green\">Profits fell;<\/span> the company collapsed.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<!--more-->\r\n<h2>Commas to introduce a sentence<\/h2>\r\nIf you introduce a sentence with a <a href=indexe59f.html?p=6908\%22>transition word<\/a> (e.g.,\u00a0however, hence,\u00a0indeed, furthermore),\u00a0follow it with a comma.\r\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\r\n \t<li class=\"error\"><span class=\"highlight-red\">However<\/span> the model is not always accurate.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"highlight-green\">However,<\/span> the model is not always accurate.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nWith longer introductory phrases that set the stage for the main part of the sentence, it's generally best to use a comma, especially if the phrase is more than 3\u20134 words long.\r\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\r\n \t<li class=\"error\"><span class=\"highlight-red\">According to a recent review by the cold case team<\/span> the perpetrator's <a href=index-3698.html>implication<\/a> in the crime was based on circumstantial evidence only.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"highlight-green\">According to a recent review by the cold case team,<\/span> the perpetrator's implication in the crime was based on circumstantial evidence only.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Dependent vs. independent clauses<\/h2>\r\nA clause is a group of words that contains at least a subject and a <a href=index-3523.html>verb<\/a>. Sentences are often made up of several clauses. Whether you should put a comma (or some other form of punctuation) between them depends on the types of clauses and the relationship between them.\r\n\r\nAn <span class=\"highlight-purple\">independent clause<\/span> is a clause that could stand on its own as a full sentence. A <span class=\"highlight-blue\">dependent clause<\/span>, in contrast, does not express a complete thought. It depends on another clause to form a full sentence.\r\n\r\nWhen a dependent clause comes at the start of a sentence, it should be followed by a comma.\r\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\r\n \t<li><span class=\"highlight-blue\">Since Edison invented the light bulb,<\/span> <span class=\"highlight-purple\">mass production of candles has decreased<\/span>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nWhen a dependent clause comes after an independent clause, a comma is often not necessary, especially if it adds information that is essential to the meaning of the independent clause.\r\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\r\n \t<li><span class=\"highlight-purple\">Mass production of candles has decreased<\/span> <span class=\"highlight-blue\">since Edison invented the light bulb<\/span>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Commas in compound sentences<\/h2>\r\nA compound sentence contains more than one independent clause. The clauses can be joined by a <a href=index7a9b.html?p=7932\%22>semicolon<\/a>, a <a href=index49e8.html?p=7939\%22>colon<\/a>, or a <a href=indexb30d-2.html?p=76989#coordinating-conjunctions\">coordinating conjunction<\/a> (for, and, nor,\u00a0but, or, yet,\u00a0so).\r\n\r\nWhen two <span class=\"highlight-purple\">independent clauses<\/span> are connected by a <span class=\"highlight-green\">coordinating conjunction<\/span>, always use a comma before the conjunction.\r\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\r\n \t<li><span class=\"highlight-purple\">Many scientists have tried to solve the problem,<\/span> <span class=\"highlight-green\">and<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"highlight-purple\">none have succeeded<\/span>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"highlight-purple\">There was a power cut,<\/span> <span class=\"highlight-green\">so<\/span> <span class=\"highlight-purple\">we ate by candlelight<\/span>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIn these examples, the parts before and after the conjunction could both stand as full sentences on their own. Therefore, the comma before so and the <a href=index3013.html?p=396689\%22>comma before and<\/a> are required.\r\n<h2>Avoid the comma splice<\/h2>\r\nTwo independent clauses should never be joined by a comma alone. This error is called a <a href=indexcf12.html?p=398207\%22><strong>comma splice<\/strong><\/a>.\r\n<ul class=\"kb-errorlist\">\r\n \t<li>Model 1 was selected, it returns more accurate results.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The project ran over the deadline, data processing was extensive.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>He did not take the easy way out, he is a man of <a href=index-4021.html>principle<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIn each of the examples above, the two parts of the sentence separated by the comma could stand as full sentences by themselves. This means they are independent clauses.\r\n\r\nTo avoid the comma splice, you can split the two clauses <a href=index-4022.html>into<\/a> separate sentences, connect them with another form of punctuation (i.e., a <a href=index49e8.html?p=7939\%22>colon<\/a>, <a href=index7a9b.html?p=7932\%22>semicolon<\/a> or <a href=indexbe62.html?p=7947\%22>dash<\/a>), or connect them with a <a href=index6bf9.html?p=76989\%22>conjunction<\/a>. The table below shows how each approach produces slightly different results.\r\n<table class=\"kb-table responsive-inline full-width\"><caption>Fixing a comma splice<\/caption>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>\r\n<ul class=\"kb-errorlist\">\r\n \t<li>Comma splice<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/th>\r\n<th>\r\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left;\">Split into two sentences<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/th>\r\n<th>\r\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\r\n \t<li>Connected with alternative punctuation<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/th>\r\n<th>\r\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\r\n \t<li>Connected with a conjunction<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Model 1 was selected, it returns more accurate results.<\/td>\r\n<td>Model 1 was selected. It returns more accurate results.<\/td>\r\n<td>Model 1 was selected: it returns more accurate results.<\/td>\r\n<td>Model 1 was selected as it returns more accurate results.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>The project ran over the deadline, data processing was extensive.<\/td>\r\n<td>The project ran over the deadline. Data processing was extensive.<\/td>\r\n<td>The project ran over the deadline \u2013 data processing was extensive.<\/td>\r\n<td>The project ran over the deadline because data processing was extensive.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>He did not take the easy way out, he is a man of principle.<\/td>\r\n<td>He did not take the easy way out. He is a man of principle.<\/td>\r\n<td>He did not take the easy way out; he is a man of principle.<\/td>\r\n<td>He did not take the easy way out, because he is a man of principle.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2>Restrictive vs. nonrestrictive clauses<\/h2>\r\nSometimes the extra information added by a dependent clause is essential to the meaning of the main clause. This is called a\u00a0<span class=\"highlight-orange\">restrictive clause<\/span>\u00a0because it\u00a0<strong>restricts <\/strong>the meaning of the sentence. Commas should\u00a0<strong>not<\/strong> be used around a restrictive clause.\r\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\r\n \t<li>Bears <span class=\"highlight-orange\">that have young cubs<\/span> can be dangerous.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe information in the sentences is about a specific type of bear\u2014those that have young cubs. If the restrictive clause was removed, the core meaning of the sentence would change: it would say instead that all bears can be dangerous.\r\n\r\nIn contrast, a <span class=\"highlight-yellow\">nonrestrictive clause<\/span> adds extra information that isn't required to understand the main point of the sentence. Instead of restricting the meaning, it expands on the meaning. A nonrestrictive clause should be set off from the main clause with commas.\r\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\r\n \t<li>Bears<span class=\"highlight-yellow\">, which are usually solitary creatures,<\/span> can be dangerous.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe information in this sentence is about bears in general, and the nonrestrictive clause adds extra information. If the comma before which was removed, the core meaning of the sentence would stay the same: that bears can be dangerous.\r\n\r\nClauses that begin with \"that\"\u00a0are always restrictive. In\u00a0<a href=index091e.html?p=10811\%22>American English<\/a>, \"which\" always begins a nonrestrictive clause (so should always be set off with commas). In <a href=index091e.html?p=10811\%22>British English<\/a>, \"which\" can be used for both restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses.\r\n\r\nThe table below shows how the same clause can be restrictive or nonrestrictive, subtly changing the meaning of the sentence.\r\n<table class=\"kb-table alternate responsive-inline full-width\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th><\/th>\r\n<th>Restrictive clause (no commas)<\/th>\r\n<th>Nonrestrictive clause (with commas)<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Sentence<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>The five students <span class=\"highlight-orange\">who had studied for weeks<\/span> passed the test.<\/td>\r\n<td>The five students<span class=\"highlight-yellow\">, who had studied for weeks,<\/span> passed the test.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Meaning<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>There were more students, but only five had studied for weeks and passed the test.<\/td>\r\n<td>There were five students who all studied for weeks and passed the test.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Sentence<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>Only the cake <span class=\"highlight-orange\">that she ate<\/span> was poisoned.<\/td>\r\n<td>Only the cake<span class=\"highlight-yellow\">, which she ate,<\/span> was poisoned.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Meaning<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>There were other cakes, but only the specific cake she ate was poisoned.<\/td>\r\n<td>There was just one cake, among other things, and only the cake was poisoned.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Sentence<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>I made friends with the neighbour <span class=\"highlight-orange\">who is <span>loquacious<\/span><\/span>.<\/td>\r\n<td>I made friends with the neighbour<span class=\"highlight-yellow\">, who is <span>loquacious<\/span><\/span>.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Meaning<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>I have several neighbours, but I specifically made friends with the one who is <a href=index-4023.html><span>loquacious<\/span><\/a>.<\/td>\r\n<td>The neighbour I made friends with happens to be <span>loquacious<\/span>.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2>Avoid splitting subjects from verbs<\/h2>\r\nTo avoid <strong>comma mistakes<\/strong>, pay attention to the function of different words in your sentences and their relation to each other. A comma should generally not come between a <span class=\"highlight-blue\">verb<\/span> (the action word) and its <span class=\"highlight-green\">subject<\/span> (the person or thing doing the action).\r\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\r\n \t<li class=\"error\">This <a href=indexbf67.html?p=425516\%22>thesis<\/a><span class=\"highlight-red\">,<\/span> explores the use of concrete underwater.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"highlight-green\">This thesis<\/span> <span class=\"highlight-blue\">explores<\/span> the use of concrete underwater.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nWatch out for this error in particular when the sentence contains <a href=index35b3.html?p=76164\%22>modifiers<\/a> that might distract you from the connection between subject and verb.\r\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\r\n \t<li class=\"error\">Several of the organizations participating in the festival<span class=\"highlight-red\">,<\/span> voiced concerns about the schedule.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"highlight-green\">Several of the organizations participating in the festival<\/span> <span class=\"highlight-blue\">voiced<\/span> concerns about the schedule.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nSometimes subjects are separated from verbs by nonrestrictive clauses, words like \"however\", or other interruptions. These should always be enclosed within two commas.\r\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\r\n \t<li><span class=\"highlight-green\">This thesis<\/span>, which is divided into five chapters, <span class=\"highlight-blue\">explores<\/span> the use of concrete underwater.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"highlight-green\">Several of the organizations participating in the festival<\/span>, however, <span class=\"highlight-blue\">voiced<\/span> concerns about the schedule.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Avoid splitting compound subjects or objects<\/h2>\r\nWhen two <span class=\"highlight-green\">subjects or objects<\/span> are connected to one <span class=\"highlight-blue\">verb<\/span>, make sure not to separate them with a comma.\r\n<h3>Compound subject<\/h3>\r\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\r\n \t<li class=\"error\">Ten plants<span class=\"highlight-red\">,<\/span> and 15 insect species are unique to this valley.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"highlight-green\">Ten plants<\/span> and <span class=\"highlight-green\">15 insect species<\/span> <span class=\"highlight-blue\">are<\/span> unique to this valley.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe \"plants\" and the \"insects\" are both subjects of the verb \"to be\", so no comma should come between them.\r\n<h3>Compound object<\/h3>\r\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\r\n \t<li class=\"error\">The facilitator gave <span class=\"highlight-red\">the medicine, and a tracking journal<\/span> to each participant.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The facilitator <span class=\"highlight-blue\">gave<\/span> <span class=\"highlight-green\">the medicine and a tracking journal<\/span> to each participant.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe \"medicine\" and the \"tracking journal\" are both objects of the verb \"to give\", so no comma should come between them.\r\n<h2>Avoid splitting compound predicates<\/h2>\r\nThe predicate is the part of a sentence that contains the <span class=\"highlight-blue\">verb<\/span>. A compound predicate occurs when two verbs in a sentence are connected to the same <span class=\"highlight-green\">subject<\/span>. In general, a comma should not be used between the verbs.\r\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\r\n \t<li class=\"error\">Many scientists have tried<span class=\"highlight-red\">,<\/span> and failed to solve the problem.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"highlight-green\">Many scientists<\/span> have <span class=\"highlight-blue\">tried<\/span> and <span class=\"highlight-blue\">failed<\/span> to solve the problem.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nPay attention to this rule especially when the predicate contains other words and phrases (e.g., modifiers that give more information about the verb).\r\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\r\n \t<li class=\"error\">The small cat scampered across the floor<span class=\"highlight-red\">,<\/span> and leaped onto the table.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"highlight-green\">The small cat<\/span> <span class=\"highlight-blue\">scampered<\/span> across the floor and <span class=\"highlight-blue\">leaped<\/span>\u00a0onto the table<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIn this example, the cat does two things: \"scamper\" and \"leap\". Because both are connected to the same subject (\"the small cat\"), no comma should separate them.\r\n\r\nThere are occasional exceptions to this rule: for example, when a comma is necessary for clarity, or when you want to emphasize a contrast between two verbs.\r\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\r\n \t<li class=\"error\">The participants provided their names<span class=\"highlight-red\">,<\/span> and signed their registration cards.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"highlight-green\">The participants<\/span> <span class=\"highlight-blue\">provided<\/span> their names and <span class=\"highlight-blue\">signed<\/span> their registration cards.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"highlight-green\">The participants<\/span> <span class=\"highlight-blue\">provided<\/span> their names, but <span class=\"highlight-blue\">refused<\/span> to sign their registration cards.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIn the third version of the sentence, the conjunction \"but\" is intended to emphasize the contrast between the verbs \"provided\" and \"refused\", so a <a href=index1f2a.html?p=398272\%22>comma before but<\/a> is acceptable (though not necessary).\r\n<h2>Oxford commas<\/h2>\r\nIn lists, commas are used to separate each item, and the last item is separated by a conjunction (e.g., and,\u00a0or). A comma before the conjunction, known as the <a href=index0e99.html?p=5828\%22>serial comma<\/a> or <a href=index-3482.html>Oxford comma<\/a>, is optional. Whether or not you choose to use it, make sure to be consistent.\r\n<table class=\"kb-table responsive-inline full-width\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>\r\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\r\n \t<li>With serial comma<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/th>\r\n<th>\r\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\r\n \t<li>Without serial comma<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Examples of Latin phrases that have been used in English for hundreds of years are ad nauseam, <a href=index-3788.html>vice versa<\/a><span class=\"highlight-green\">,<\/span> and mea culpa.<\/td>\r\n<td>Examples of Latin phrases that have been used in English for hundreds of years are <a href=index-4024.html>ad nauseam<\/a>, vice versa and <a href=index-4025.html>mea culpa<\/a>.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Dogs, cats<span class=\"highlight-green\">,<\/span> and tortoises have been known to act strangely before major seismic events.<\/td>\r\n<td>Dogs, cats and tortoises have been known to act strangely before major seismic events.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nSometimes a serial comma is necessary for clarity. One example is when the final list item itself contains a conjunction.\r\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\r\n \t<li class=\"error\">The three categories of traveler are business, leisure and business and leisure.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The three categories of traveler are business, leisure, and business and leisure.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nUsing the serial comma here clarifies that the final item, \"business and leisure\", is a single category. Without the serial comma, the list is confusing.\r\n\r\nAnother example is when items at the end of the list could be read as describing an earlier item.\r\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\r\n \t<li class=\"error\">He had to take care of two dogs, Jane and Louis.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>He had to take care of two dogs, Jane, and Louis.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nHere the serial comma clarifies that \"two dogs\", \"Jane\", and \"Louis\" are separate items. Without the serial comma, the sentence seems to say that he had to take care of two dogs named Jane and Louis.","link":"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/category\/commas\/","name":"Commas","slug":"commas","taxonomy":"category","parent":0,"meta":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<title>When to Use a Comma (,) | Guide, Rules &amp; Examples<\/title>\n
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