{"id":58332,"date":"2022-02-25T08:12:43","date_gmt":"2022-02-25T07:12:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scribbr.nl\/?p=58332"},"modified":"2022-07-18T17:22:07","modified_gmt":"2022-07-18T15:22:07","slug":"common-knowledge","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/plagiarism\/common-knowledge\/","title":{"rendered":"What Is Common Knowledge? | Definition &#038; Examples"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>In academic writing, \u201ccommon knowledge\u201d refers to information that the average educated reader would accept without needing a source citation to back it up.<\/p>\n<p>There are two main categories of common knowledge:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Information that most people know<\/li>\n<li>Information shared by a specific group of people, such as a national or cultural group, or academics in a particular field of study<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In academic writing, it&#8217;s normally essential to <a href=index-1775.html>cite your sources<\/a>, but statements that are considered common knowledge do not need a citation.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<h2>Examples of common knowledge<\/h2>\n<p>Examples of common knowledge include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Information that appears across many sources without a clear origin, such as famous historical dates<\/li>\n<li>Long-established facts or theories that are foundational to a field, like fundamental equations in physics<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>It does not include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Data and statistics gathered in empirical studies. These should always be cited.<\/li>\n<li>Interpretations or arguments. If a statement could be reasonably disputed, provide a citation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The examples below show how subtle the distinction can be:<\/p>\n<div class=\"scribbrTabs\">\n<ul class=\"scribbrTabs-menu\">\n<li class=\"current\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><a href=index.html#\">Statements about APA Style citation<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><a href=index.html#\">Statements about the Amazon rainforest<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"scribbrTabs-tabs\">\n<div class=\"scribbrTabs-content\">\n<p class=\"kb-textbox border-left green\"><strong>APA is a common citation style used by students.<\/strong><br \/>\nThis is an undisputed and easily verified fact. It is common knowledge.<\/p>\n<p class=\"kb-textbox border-left yellow\"><strong>APA Style is mainly used in the social sciences, business, and nursing.<\/strong><br \/>\nFor a reader familiar with research, this is likely to be accepted as common knowledge. For a more general readership, you might need to cite it.<\/p>\n<p class=\"kb-textbox border-left red\"><strong>APA Style is used in more than 90,000 papers per year.<\/strong><br \/>\nThis is not an undisputed fact and should be attributed to one or more sources.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"scribbrTabs-content\">\n<p class=\"kb-textbox border-left green\"><strong>The Amazon is the world\u2019s largest tropical rainforest.<\/strong><br \/>\nThis is a widely known fact that you can assume any reader will accept. It&#8217;s common knowledge.<\/p>\n<p class=\"kb-textbox border-left yellow\"><strong>Due to deforestation, the Amazon has been rapidly decreasing in size since the 1960s.<\/strong><br \/>\nIf you are writing an in-depth paper on the Amazon for an expert reader, this would likely be accepted as common knowledge. If you are writing a basic or introductory paper for a more general audience, you should provide a citation.<\/p>\n<p class=\"kb-textbox border-left red\"><strong>The cattle sector is responsible for 80% of deforestation in the Amazon.<\/strong><br \/>\nThis is a statistic derived from specific research. It should be cited even if it is widely accepted to be true. You should always give the source of any figures or statistics.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Do I need a citation?<\/h2>\n<p>Common knowledge does not need to be cited in your paper, because it is widely known, undisputed, easily verified, and generally not attributable to a specific author.<\/p>\n<p>To <a href=index-1792.html>avoid plagiarism<\/a>, it can be tempting to include a citation for every sentence, but in some cases over-citation can weaken your academic writing. If you are unsure whether or not a statement counts as common knowledge, ask yourself the questions below.<\/p>\n<h3>Who is my reader, and what can I assume they know?<\/h3>\n<p>Are you writing for a general audience or for experts in the field?<\/p>\n<p>In academic writing, it&#8217;s more likely that your reader will be an expert, and you can assume a certain level of shared knowledge. But if you include information from a different field, you should cite it.<\/p>\n<h3>Could my reader dispute this statement?<\/h3>\n<p>If your reader might be surprised by your statement, question its accuracy, or contest it with other data, it isn&#8217;t common knowledge, and you should provide a citation.<\/p>\n<p>If it&#8217;s a foundational fact that everyone in the field agrees on, it&#8217;s probably common knowledge.<\/p>\n<h3>Can my reader easily verify this statement across multiple sources?<\/h3>\n<p>If you google it, can you easily find more than five <a href=index-2683.html>scholarly sources<\/a> that give the same information without citation? If so, it&#8217;s probably common knowledge.<\/p>\n<p>If some of the search results contradict each other or you have to dig further to find the facts, you should provide a citation.<\/p>\n<h2>Common knowledge test<\/h2>\n<div class=\"typeform-widget\" data-url=\"https:\/\/scribbr.typeform.com\/to\/QxQ00n\" data-hide-headers=\"true\" data-hide-footer=\"true\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 350px;\"><\/div>\n<p><script> (function() { var qs,js,q,s,d=document, gi=d.getElementById, ce=d.createElement, gt=d.getElementsByTagName, id=\"typef_orm\", b=\"https:\/\/embed.typeform.com\/\"; if(!gi.call(d,id)) { js=ce.call(d,\"script\"); js.id=id; js.src=b+\"embed.js\"; q=gt.call(d,\"script\")[0]; q.parentNode.insertBefore(js,q) } })() <\/script><\/p>\n    <h2>Frequently asked questions about plagiarism<\/h2>\n<dl class=\"faq-list faq-list--arrows w-100 my-5\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/FAQPage\">\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"citing-common-knowledge\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/frequently-asked-questions\/citing-common-knowledge\/\" class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        Do I have to cite common knowledge?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"citing-common-knowledge-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/plagiarism\/common-knowledge\/\">Common knowledge<\/a> does not need to be cited. However, you should be extra careful when deciding what counts as common knowledge.<\/p>\n<p>Common knowledge encompasses information that the average educated reader would accept as true without needing the extra validation of a source or citation.<\/p>\n<p>Common knowledge should be widely known, undisputed and easily verified. When in doubt, always <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/category\/citing-sources\/\">cite your sources.<\/a><\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"how-to-summarize-without-plagiarizing\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/frequently-asked-questions\/how-to-summarize-without-plagiarizing\/\" class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        How can I summarize a source without plagiarizing?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"how-to-summarize-without-plagiarizing-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p>To <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/plagiarism\/how-to-avoid-plagiarism\/\">avoid plagiarism<\/a> when summarizing an article or other source, follow these two rules:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Write the summary entirely in your own words by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/working-with-sources\/how-to-paraphrase\/\">paraphrasing<\/a> the author&#8217;s ideas.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/category\/citing-sources\/\">Cite the source<\/a> with an in-text citation and a full reference so your reader can easily find the original text.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"can-plagiarism-be-accidental\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/frequently-asked-questions\/can-plagiarism-be-accidental\/\" class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        Can plagiarism be accidental?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"can-plagiarism-be-accidental-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p>Accidental plagiarism is one of the most common <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/plagiarism\/examples-of-plagiarism\/\">examples<\/a> of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/category\/plagiarism\/\">plagiarism<\/a>. Perhaps you forgot to cite a source, or paraphrased something a bit too closely. Maybe you can&#8217;t remember where you got an idea from, and aren&#8217;t totally sure if it&#8217;s original or not.<\/p>\n<p>These all count as plagiarism, even though you didn&#8217;t do it on purpose. When in doubt, make sure you&#8217;re <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/category\/citing-sources\/\">citing your sources<\/a>. Also consider running your work through a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/plagiarism-checker\/\">plagiarism checker tool<\/a> prior to submission, which <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/plagiarism\/how-do-plagiarism-checkers-work\/\">work<\/a> by using advanced database software to scan for matches between your text and existing texts.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/plagiarism-checker\/\">Scribbr&#8217;s Plagiarism Checker<\/a> takes less than 10 minutes and can help you turn in your paper with confidence. <\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"how-is-plagiarism-detected\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/frequently-asked-questions\/how-is-plagiarism-detected\/\" class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        How is plagiarism detected?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"how-is-plagiarism-detected-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/category\/plagiarism\/\">Plagiarism<\/a> can be detected by your professor or readers if the tone, formatting, or style of your text is different in different parts of your paper, or if they&#8217;re familiar with the plagiarized source.<\/p>\n<p>Many universities also use <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/plagiarism\/how-do-plagiarism-checkers-work\/\">plagiarism detection software<\/a> like Turnitin&#8217;s, which compares your text to a large database of other sources, flagging any similarities that come up.<\/p>\n<p>It can be easier than you think to commit plagiarism by accident. Consider using a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/plagiarism-checker\/\">plagiarism checker<\/a> prior to submitting your paper to ensure you haven\u2019t missed any citations.<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/dl>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In academic writing, \u201ccommon knowledge\u201d refers to information that the average educated reader would accept without needing a source citation to back it up. There are two main categories of common knowledge: Information that most people know Information shared by a specific group of people, such as a national or cultural group, or academics in [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":95,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":""},"categories":[41],"tags":[50218],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<title>What Is Common Knowledge? | Definition &amp; Examples<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Common knowledge refers to information that most people know and that therefore doesn&#039;t require a citation.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/plagiarism\/common-knowledge\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What Is Common Knowledge? 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