{"id":5957,"date":"2020-11-12T10:02:24","date_gmt":"2020-11-12T09:02:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/?p=5957"},"modified":"2022-06-16T11:51:32","modified_gmt":"2022-06-16T09:51:32","slug":"direct-quotes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/apa-style\/direct-quotes\/","title":{"rendered":"Direct quotes in APA Style"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A direct quote is a piece of text copied word-for-word from a source. You may quote a word, phrase, sentence, or entire passage.<\/p>\n<p>There are three main rules for quoting in APA Style:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\n<li>If the quote is under 40 words, place it in <a href=index-2681.html>double quotation marks<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>If the quote is 40 words or more, format it as a <a href=index-3712.html>block quote<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Cite the author, year, and page number with an <a href=index-3332.html>APA in-text citation<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left green\"><figcaption>Example: APA direct quote<\/figcaption>According to a recent paper, &#8220;quotes can be useful in academic writing&#8221; (Singh et al., 2019, p. 25).<\/figure>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<div class=\"card youtubeContainer\"><iframe src=dhml3eicgbi438d.html?rel=0\%22 frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<h2>Citing a direct quote<\/h2>\n<p>To cite a quote in APA, you always include the the author&#8217;s last name, the year the source was published, and the page on which the quote can be found. The page number is preceded by &#8220;p.&#8221; (for a single page) or &#8220;pp.&#8221; (for a page range).<\/p>\n<p>There are two types of APA <a href=index-3332.html>in-text citation<\/a>: parenthetical and narrative.<\/p>\n<p>In a parenthetical citation, you place the entire citation in parentheses directly after the quote and before the period (or other punctuation mark).<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left green\"><figcaption>Example: APA parenthetical citation<\/figcaption>A recent study of student plagiarism found that &#8220;plagiarism is often a matter of confusion rather than deception&#8221; <span class=\"highlight-green\">(Horv\u00e1th &amp; Kov\u00e1cs, 2020, p. 4)<\/span>.<\/figure>\n<p>In a narrative citation, the author(s) appear as part of your sentence. Place the year in parentheses directly after the author&#8217;s name, and place the page number in parentheses directly after the quote.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left blue\"><figcaption>Example: APA narrative citation<\/figcaption><span class=\"highlight-blue\">Horv\u00e1th and Kov\u00e1cs (2020)<\/span> argue that &#8220;plagiarism is often a matter of confusion rather than deception&#8221; <span class=\"highlight-blue\">(p. 4)<\/span>.<\/figure>\n<p>Remember that every in-text citation must correspond to a full <a href=index-3331.html>APA reference<\/a> at the end of the text. You can easily create your reference list with our free APA Citation Generator.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a class=\"btn btn--yellow btn--small\" href=index-2715.html>Generate APA references<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Quoting a source with no page numbers<\/h2>\n<p>Some source types, such as <a href=index-4877.html>web pages<\/a>, do not have page numbers. In this case, to cite a direct quote, you should generally include an alternative locator, unless the source is very short.<\/p>\n<p>The locator may be a chapter or section heading (abbreviated if necessary), a paragraph number, or a combination of the two. Use whichever locator will help your reader find the quote most easily.<\/p>\n<p>For sources such as <a href=index-4933.html>movies<\/a>, <a href=index-4639.html>YouTube videos<\/a>, or audiobooks, use a timestamp to locate the beginning of the quote.<\/p>\n<div class=\"scribbrTabs\">\n<ul class=\"scribbrTabs-menu\">\n<li class=\"current\"><a href=index.html#\">Section heading<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index.html#\">Paragraph number<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index.html#\">Section and paragraph<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index.html#\">Timestamp<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"scribbrTabs-tabs\">\n<div class=\"scribbrTabs-content\">\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left indigo\"><figcaption>Example: Citing a section heading<\/figcaption>While quotation is a useful tool, it should not be overused: \u201cRelying too heavily on quotes often makes a paper less original\u201d (Oliveira, 2018, <span class=\"highlight-indigo\">Originality section<\/span>).<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"scribbrTabs-content\">\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left indigo\"><figcaption>Example: Citing a paragraph number<\/figcaption>While quotation is a useful tool, it should not be overused: \u201cRelying too heavily on quotes often makes a paper less original\u201d (Oliveira, 2018, <span class=\"highlight-indigo\">para. 5<\/span>).<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"scribbrTabs-content\">\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left indigo\"><figcaption>Example: Citing a heading and paragraph<\/figcaption>While quotation is a useful tool, it should not be overused: \u201cRelying too heavily on quotes often makes a paper less original\u201d (Oliveira, 2018, <span class=\"highlight-indigo\">Originality section, para. 5<\/span>).<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"scribbrTabs-content\">\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left indigo\"><figcaption>Example: Citing a timestamp<\/figcaption>While quotation is a useful tool, it should not be overused: \u201cRelying too heavily on quotes often makes a paper less original\u201d (Oliveira, 2018, <span class=\"highlight-indigo\">01:23<\/span>).<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"apa-block-quote\">Quoting 40 words or more (APA block quotes)<\/h2>\n<p>If the quote contains 40 words or more, it must be formatted as a block quote. To format a block quote in APA Style:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Do not use quotation marks.<\/li>\n<li>Start the quote on a new line.<\/li>\n<li>Indent the entire quote 0.5 inches.<\/li>\n<li>Double-space the entire quote.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Like regular quotes, block quotes can be cited with a parenthetical or narrative citation. However, if the block quote ends with a period, place the citation <strong>after<\/strong> the period.<\/p>\n<div class=\"scribbrTabs\">\n<ul class=\"scribbrTabs-menu\" style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<li class=\"current\"><a href=index.html#\">Parenthetical<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index.html#\">Narrative<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"scribbrTabs-tabs\">\n<div class=\"scribbrTabs-content\">\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left green\"><figcaption>Example: Block quote with parenthetical citation<\/figcaption>Sometimes it is necessary to quote a source at length:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Block quoting is particularly useful when you want to comment on an author&#8217;s language or present an argument that you will then critique. By setting the quote on a new line and indenting it, the passage is clearly marked apart from your own words. Therefore, no quotation marks are necessary. <span class=\"highlight-green\">(O&#8217;Connor, 2019, p. 38)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"scribbrTabs-content\">\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left blue\"><figcaption>Example: Block quote with narrative citation<\/figcaption><span class=\"highlight-blue\">O&#8217;Connor (2019)<\/span> explains the purpose and format of block quotes:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Block quoting is particularly useful when you want to comment on an author&#8217;s language or present an argument that you will then critique. By setting the quote on a new line and indenting it, the passage is clearly marked apart from your own words. Therefore, no quotation marks are necessary. <span class=\"highlight-blue\">(p. 38)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Block quotes with multiple paragraphs<\/h3>\n<p>If the block quote contains multiple paragraphs, indent the first line of each paragraph after the first.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left green\"><figcaption>Example: Block quote with multiple paragraphs<\/figcaption>Sometimes it is necessary to quote a source at length:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Block quoting is particularly useful when you want to comment on an author&#8217;s language or present an argument that you will then critique. By setting the quote on a new line and indenting it, the passage is clearly marked apart from your own words. Therefore, no quotation marks are necessary.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px; text-indent: 30px;\">However, it is important not to rely on long quotes to make your point for you. Each quote must be introduced and explained or discussed in your own words. (O&#8217;Connor, 2019, p. 38)<\/p>\n<\/figure>\n<h2>Making changes to direct quotes in APA<\/h2>\n<p>In general, a direct quote should be an exact reproduction of the original. However, there are some situations where you may need to make small changes.<\/p>\n<p>You may change the capitalization of the first word or the final punctuation mark in order to integrate the quote grammatically into your sentence, as long as the meaning is not altered.<\/p>\n<p>Any other changes must be marked following these APA guidelines.<\/p>\n<h3>Shortening a quote<\/h3>\n<p>If you want to omit some words, phrases, or sentences from the quote to save space, use an ellipsis (. . .) with a space before and after it to indicate that some material has been left out.<\/p>\n<p>If the part you removed includes a sentence break, add a period before the ellipsis to indicate this.<\/p>\n<div class=\"scribbrTabs\">\n<ul class=\"scribbrTabs-menu\" style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<li class=\"current\"><a href=index.html#\">No sentence break<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index.html#\">Sentence break<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"scribbrTabs-tabs\">\n<div class=\"scribbrTabs-content\">\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left indigo\"><figcaption>Example: Quote shortened with ellipsis<\/figcaption>According to O&#8217;Connor (2019), &#8220;block quoting is particularly useful when you want to<span class=\"highlight-indigo\"> . . . <\/span>present an argument that you will then critique&#8221; (p. 38).<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"scribbrTabs-content\">\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left indigo\"><figcaption>Example: Quote shortened with ellipsis and period<\/figcaption>According to O&#8217;Connor (2019), &#8220;block quoting is particularly useful when you want to comment on language or present an argument that you will then critique<span class=\"highlight-indigo\">. . . . <\/span>However, it is important not to rely on long quotes to make your point for you&#8221; (p. 38).<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Clarifying a quote<\/h3>\n<p>Sometimes you might want to add a word or phrase for context. For example, if a <a href=index-3541.html>pronoun<\/a> is used in the quote, you may add a name to clarify who or what is being referred to.<\/p>\n<p>Any added text should be enclosed in square brackets to show that it is not part of the original.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left indigo\"><figcaption>Example: Adding text to a quote<\/figcaption>In the view of Anderson (2017), &#8220;the results <span class=\"highlight-indigo\">[of the election]<\/span> reflected global patterns&#8221; (p. 17).<\/figure>\n<h3>Adding emphasis to quotes<\/h3>\n<p>If you want to emphasize a word or phrase in a quote, italicize it and include the words &#8220;emphasis added&#8221; in square brackets.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left indigo\"><figcaption>Example: Italicizing for emphasis<\/figcaption>In the view of Anderson (2017), &#8220;the results reflected <span class=\"highlight-indigo\"><em>global patterns<\/em> [emphasis added]<\/span>&#8221; (p. 17).<\/figure>\n<h3>Errors in quotes<\/h3>\n<p>If the quote contains a spelling or grammatical error, indicate it with the Latin word &#8220;sic&#8221;, italicized and in square brackets, directly after the error.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left indigo\"><figcaption>Example: Indicating an error<\/figcaption>In the view of Anderson (2017), &#8220;the results reflected global <span class=\"highlight-indigo\">paterns [<em>sic<\/em>]<\/span>&#8221; (p. 17).<\/figure>\n    <h2>Frequently asked questions about APA Style<\/h2>\n<dl class=\"faq-list faq-list--arrows w-100 my-5\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/FAQPage\">\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"how-do-i-quote-in-apa-style\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=index-4934.html class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        How do I quote in APA format?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"how-do-i-quote-in-apa-style-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p>To include a <a href=index-2717.html>direct quote in APA<\/a>, follow these rules:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Quotes under 40 words are placed in <a href=index-2681.html>double quotation marks<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Quotes of 40 words or more are formatted as <a href=index-3487.html#apa-block-quote\">block quote<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>The author, year, and page number are included in an <a href=index-3332.html>APA in-text citation<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"how-to-cite-in-apa-format\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=index-4935.html class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        How do I cite in APA format?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"how-to-cite-in-apa-format-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p>You need an <a href=index-3332.html>APA in-text citation<\/a> and <a href=index-3331.html>reference entry<\/a>. Each source type has its own format; for example, a <a href=index-4877.html>webpage citation<\/a> is different from a <a href=index-4634.html>book citation<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Use Scribbr\u2019s <a href=index-2715.html>free APA Citation Generator<\/a> to generate flawless citations in seconds or take a look at our <a href=index-4584.html>APA citation examples<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"no-page-numbers-apa\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=index-4936.html class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        How do I cite a source with no page numbers in APA Style?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"no-page-numbers-apa-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p>When you <a href=index-1828.html>quote<\/a> or <a href=index-1249.html>paraphrase<\/a> a specific passage from a source, you need to indicate the location of the passage in your<a href=index-3332.html> APA in-text citation<\/a>.\u00a0If there are no page numbers (e.g. when <a href=index-4877.html>citing a website<\/a>) but the text is long, you can instead use section headings, paragraph numbers, or a combination of the two:<\/p>\n<p class=\"kb-textbox border-left\">(Caulfield, 2019, Linking section, para. 1).<\/p>\n<p>Section headings can be shortened if necessary. Kindle location numbers should not be used in <a href=index-4937.html#ebook\">ebook citations<\/a>, as they are unreliable.<\/p>\n<p>If you are referring to the source as a whole, it&#8217;s not necessary to include a page number or other marker.<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"et-al-apa-citations\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=index-4873.html class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        When should I use \u201cet al.\u201d in APA in-text citations?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"et-al-apa-citations-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p>The abbreviation \u201c<a href=index-4305.html>et al.<\/a>\u201d (meaning \u201cand others\u201d) is used to shorten <a href=index-3332.html>APA in-text citations<\/a> with <strong>three or more authors<\/strong>. Here\u2019s how it works:<\/p>\n<p>Only include the first author\u2019s last name, followed by \u201cet al.\u201d, a comma and the year of publication, for example (Taylor et al., 2018).<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"apa-citing-indirect-source\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=index-3711.html class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        How do I cite an indirect source in APA Style? (\u201cas cited in\u201d)\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"apa-citing-indirect-source-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p>In an <a href=index-3332.html>APA in-text citation<\/a>, you use the phrase \u201c<strong>as cited in<\/strong>\u201d if you want to cite a source indirectly (i.e., if you cannot find the original source).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Parenthetical citation:<\/strong> (Brown, 1829, as cited in Mahone, 2018)<br \/>\n<strong>Narrative citation:<\/strong> Brown (1829, as cited in Mahone, 2018) states that&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>On the <a href=index-3727.html>reference page<\/a>, you only include the secondary source (Mahone, 2018).<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"when-should-i-use-quotes\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=index-3714.html class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        When should I use quotes?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"when-should-i-use-quotes-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p>In<a href=index-1794.html> academic writing<\/a>, there are three main situations where <a href=index-1828.html>quoting<\/a> is the best choice:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>To analyze the author&#8217;s language (e.g., in a <a href=index-1834.html>literary analysis essay<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li>To give evidence from <a href=index-2778.html>primary sources<\/a><\/li>\n<li>To accurately present a precise definition or argument<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Don&#8217;t overuse quotes; your own voice should be dominant. If you just want to provide information from a source, it&#8217;s usually better to <a href=index-1249.html>paraphrase<\/a> or<a href=index-3262.html> summarize<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/dl>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A direct quote is a piece of text copied word-for-word from a source. You may quote a word, phrase, sentence, or entire passage. There are three main rules for quoting in APA Style: If the quote is under 40 words, place it in double quotation marks. If the quote is 40 words or more, format [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":83,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":""},"categories":[85],"tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<title>Direct quotes in APA Style<\/title>\n
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