{"id":598499,"date":"2023-10-04T18:32:27","date_gmt":"2023-10-04T16:32:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scribbr.nl\/?p=598499"},"modified":"2023-10-23T15:34:42","modified_gmt":"2023-10-23T13:34:42","slug":"self-fulfilling-prophecy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/research-bias\/self-fulfilling-prophecy\/","title":{"rendered":"Self-Fulfilling Prophecy | Definition &#038; Examples"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A <strong>self-fulfilling prophecy<\/strong> is a belief about a future outcome that helps to bring about its own fulfillment. This happens because the unconscious expectations that we hold can influence our actions and ultimately cause the initial prediction to become true.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left blue\"><figcaption>Self-fulfilling prophecy example\u00a0<\/figcaption>You have a big presentation coming up, and you are convinced that it won\u2019t go well because you are nervous. As you present, your voice becomes shaky, you stumble over your words, and you keep looking at your notes.<\/p>\n<p>However, you\u2019re not surprised because you already believed that it would go terribly. This is a self-fulfilling prophecy at work: when we are convinced about a negative outcome, we do very little to prevent it from happening. Because of this, it becomes a reality.<\/figure>\n<p>Self-fulfilling prophecies can be either negative or positive and can influence outcomes in various contexts, such as education, healthcare, and work.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"what\">What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?<\/h2>\n<p>A self-fulfilling prophecy is a psychological phenomenon whereby something happens because we expect it to happen. Self-fulfilling prophecies are based on a belief or expectation (correct or incorrect) that influences our actions in such a way that the original belief or expectation becomes true. This influence can be either negative or positive.<\/p>\n<p>For example, if you believe a job interview will go well, you may be more likely to prepare well or answer the questions with confidence. In contrast, if you feel certain that you will fail an exam, you may prepare less. In both scenarios, your actions can bring about consequences that cause reality to match your initial belief.<\/p>\n<p>Self-fulfilling prophecies may affect both individuals and groups. For example, this is sometimes the case with <strong>stereotypes<\/strong>. A negative preconceived notion about a socially vulnerable group, like drug addicts or immigrants, can cause us to treat members of this group in a harsh or indifferent way. This, in turn, will cause them to react negatively to us, reinforcing the initial negative stereotype.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"types\">Types of self-fulfilling prophecies<\/h2>\n<p>There are two types of self-fulfilling prophecies:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><strong><a href=index.html#self\">Self-imposed prophecies<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><strong><a href=index.html#other\">Other-imposed prophecies<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"self\">Self-imposed prophecies<\/h3>\n<p>These prophecies occur when the beliefs we hold about ourselves influence our own behaviors and actions. Our beliefs can be either negative and limiting or positive and motivational.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left blue\"><figcaption>Self-fulfilling prophecy example: The placebo effect<\/figcaption>To evaluate the effectiveness of new medications, scientists often conduct clinical trials where participants are placed in either a control group or a treatment group without knowing their assignment.<\/p>\n<p>Those placed in the <a href=index-4131.html>control group<\/a> are administered the placebo (e.g., a pill or injection with no therapeutic properties). Scientists then compare the results of the two groups to see if they differ.<\/p>\n<p>In many cases, participants on the placebo report an improvement. Because the placebo is an inactive treatment, scientists attribute the beneficial effects reported (known as the <a href=index-3047.html>placebo effect<\/a>) to the participants&#8217; belief that they are being treated.<\/figure>\n<h3 id=\"other\">Other-imposed prophecies<\/h3>\n<p>These prophecies occur when others&#8217; expectations influence our behavior and actions. For example, a parent who views their child as either \u201cbright\u201d or \u201clazy\u201d may also treat them accordingly. As a result, the child\u2019s behavior may be positively or negatively influenced by their parent\u2019s expectations.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left blue\"><figcaption>Self-fulfilling prophecy example: The Pygmalion effect<\/figcaption>In the context of education, self-fulfilling prophecies imposed by others are known as the <a href=index-4142.html>Pygmalion effect<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>In a seminal study, researchers wanted to find out how teachers\u2019 expectations impact student performance. At the beginning of the year, after administering a test, they told teachers that certain students showed a lot of potential and were expected to excel under proper guidance. However, the teachers did not know that the \u201cpromising\u201d students were, in fact, randomly selected.<\/p>\n<p>Several months later, the researchers returned and tested the children again. They found that the students who were identified as \u201cpromising\u201d showed a greater improvement in academic skills than their peers. Because teachers expected certain students to excel, they treated them differently (e.g., they dedicated more time and effort to them). This, in turn, not only affected their abilities but also the way they viewed themselves.<\/figure>\n<p>The Pygmalion effect shows that our beliefs about others can lead us to treat them in such a way that they subsequently become what we expect them to be.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"how\">How does a self-fulfilling prophecy work?<\/h2>\n<p>A self-fulfilling prophecy is a cyclical process consisting of four stages:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">First, we form a belief or expectation about a future outcome. This may concern ourselves (e.g., &#8220;I will ace the upcoming test\u201d) or others (e.g., \u201cmy coworkers don\u2019t like me\u201d).<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">This belief influences our attitude towards the situation (e.g., studying hard for the test) or our behavior towards other people (e.g., avoiding talking to colleagues). Our expectations can be expressed verbally or nonverbally.<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">Our attitude and actions shape how others view us. This is reflected in their behavior towards us (e.g., our coworkers also avoid us) or in the feedback we get from the situation (e.g., we pass the test).<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">Our initial belief is confirmed, our behavior is reinforced, and the self-fulfilling prophecy becomes a reality.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a class=\"colorbox\" href=index-4346.html><img decoding=\"async\" src=index-4346.html alt=\"Self-fulfilling-prophecy\" width=\"560px\" class=\"mb-3 mt-3 aligncenter\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Self-fulfilling prophecies are a prime example of how our thoughts and beliefs can bring about consequences that we expected or feared (even if it is at the subconscious level).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"example\">Self-fulfilling prophecy example<\/h2>\n<p>Self-fulfilling prophecies can affect our relationships with others in unconscious ways.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left blue\"><figcaption>Self-fulfilling prophecy in a relationship<\/figcaption>Suppose you start dating someone you are convinced is not \u201crelationship material.\u201d Because of this assumption, you don\u2019t take them seriously (e.g., you don\u2019t reply to their texts on time and don\u2019t make an effort to meet them frequently).<\/p>\n<p>Your partner interprets this behavior as a lack of interest and eventually the relationship fizzles out. When this happens, you feel that you have been proven right. However, your initial assumption most likely influenced your behavior and ultimately caused the relationship to end.<\/figure>\n<h2 id=\"other\">Other types of research bias<\/h2>\n<div class=\"container\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col-md\" style=\"background-color: #e8f2fc; padding: 1.27rem 1.56rem; line-height: 1.8; border-radius: .5rem; margin-right: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0.5rem;\">\n<p><strong><a href=index-2961.html>Cognitive bias<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"padding: 5px;\">\n<li><a href=index-3747.html>Confirmation bias<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-3554.html>Baader\u2013Meinhof phenomenon<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-3277.html>Availability heuristic<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-3278.html>Halo effect<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-3279.html>Hindsight bias<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-3982.html>Framing effect<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-4333.html>Ingroup bias<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-4334.html>Affect heuristic<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-4335.html>Representativeness heuristic<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-2964.html>Anchoring heuristic<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-4336.html>Primacy bias<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-2960.html>Optimism bias<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md\" style=\"background-color: #e8f2fc; padding: 1.27rem 1.56rem; line-height: 1.8; border-radius: .5rem; margin-right: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0.5rem;\">\n<p><strong><a href=index-4149.html>Selection bias<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"padding: 5px;\">\n<li><a href=index-4337.html>Sampling bias<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-4151.html>Ascertainment bias<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-4152.html>Attrition bias<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-3010.html>Self-selection bias<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-3275.html>Survivorship bias<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-3555.html>Nonresponse bias<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-4156.html>Undercoverage bias<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md\" style=\"background-color: #e8f2fc; padding: 1.27rem 1.56rem; line-height: 1.8; border-radius: .5rem; margin-right: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0.5rem;\">\n<p><strong>Other<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"padding: 5px;\">\n<li><a href=index-2963.html>Hawthorne effect<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-4132.html>Observer bias<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-4338.html>Omitted variable bias<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-4140.html>Publication bias<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-4142.html>Pygmalion effect<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-4339.html>Recall bias<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-4146.html>Social desirability bias<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-3047.html>Placebo effect<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-4340.html>Actor-observer bias<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-4341.html>Ceiling effect<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-3980.html>Ecological fallacy<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index-4342.html>Affinity bias<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n    <h2>Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\n<dl class=\"faq-list faq-list--arrows w-100 my-5\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/FAQPage\">\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"avoid-self-fulfilling-prophecy\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=index-4347.html class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        How can you avoid a self-fulfilling prophecy?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"avoid-self-fulfilling-prophecy-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p><a href=index-4348.html>Self-fulfilling prophecies<\/a> work at a subconscious level and can be hard to overcome. However, you can take the following steps to avoid their negative impact:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Become aware of self-fulfilling prophecies<\/strong>. In other words, identify patterns of thoughts and actions. The first step is to realize that harboring negative thoughts prevents us from putting our best foot forward.<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><strong>Reframe your language<\/strong>. Avoid using absolute words or statements like \u201cnever\u201d or \u201cI can\u2019t,\u201d and try to replace them with neutral or positive phrases (e.g., \u201cI\u2019ll do my best\u201d).<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><strong style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Work towards a growth mindset<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">. Start cultivating the belief that your abilities, talents, and knowledge are not fixed and can be improved over time.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"what-is-observer-expectancy-effect\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=index-4349.html class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        What is the observer-expectancy effect?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"what-is-observer-expectancy-effect-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p>The <a href=index-4350.html#other-biases\"><strong>observer-expectancy effect<\/strong><\/a> occurs when researchers influence the results of their own study through interactions with participants.<\/p>\n<p>Researchers\u2019 own beliefs and expectations about the study results may unintentionally influence participants through <a href=index-4147.html>demand characteristics<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The observer-expectancy effect is often used synonymously with the <a href=index-4142.html>Pygmalion or Rosenthal effect<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/dl>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A self-fulfilling prophecy is a belief about a future outcome that helps to bring about its own fulfillment. This happens because the unconscious expectations that we hold can influence our actions and ultimately cause the initial prediction to become true. Self-fulfilling prophecy example\u00a0You have a big presentation coming up, and you are convinced that it [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":157,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":""},"categories":[50233],"tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<title>Self-Fulfilling Prophecy | Definition &amp; Examples<\/title>\n
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