{"id":68,"count":21,"description":"Citing your sources is essential in\u00a0<a href=index-1794.html>academic writing<\/a>. Whenever you quote or paraphrase a <strong>source<\/strong> (such as a book, article, or webpage), you have to include a\u00a0<strong>citation<\/strong> crediting the original author.\r\n\r\nFailing to properly cite your sources counts as <a href=index-1154.html>plagiarism<\/a>, since you're presenting someone else's ideas as if they were your own.\r\n\r\nThe most commonly used citation styles are APA and MLA. The <a href=index-991.html>free Scribbr Citation Generator<\/a> is the quickest way to cite sources in these styles. Simply enter the URL, DOI, or title, and we'll generate an accurate, correctly formatted citation.\r\n\r\n[citation-widget style=\"apa,mla\" title=\"Generate accurate citations with Scribbr\"]\r\n\r\n<!--more-->\r\n<h2 id=\"when\">When do you need to cite sources?<\/h2>\r\nCitations are required in all types of academic texts. They are needed for several reasons:\r\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\r\n \t<li aria-level=\"1\">To <a href=index-1792.html>avoid plagiarism<\/a> by indicating when you\u2019re taking information from another source<\/li>\r\n \t<li aria-level=\"1\">To give proper credit to the author of that source<\/li>\r\n \t<li aria-level=\"1\">To allow the reader to consult your sources for themselves<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nA citation is needed whenever you integrate a source into your writing. This usually means quoting or paraphrasing:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li aria-level=\"1\">To <a href=index-1776.html>quote a source<\/a>, copy a short piece of text word for word and put it inside <a href=index-2681.html>quotation marks<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li aria-level=\"1\">To <a href=index-1777.html>paraphrase a source<\/a>, put the text into your own words. It\u2019s important that the paraphrase is not too close to the original wording. You can use <a href=index-988.html>the paraphrasing tool<\/a> if you don't want to do this manually.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nCitations are needed whether you quote or paraphrase, and whatever <a href=index-2682.html>type of source<\/a> you use. As well as citing <a href=index-2683.html>scholarly sources<\/a> like books and journal articles, don\u2019t forget to include citations for any other sources you use for ideas, examples, or evidence. That includes websites, <a href=index-2684.html>YouTube videos<\/a>, and <a href=index-2685.html>lectures<\/a>.\r\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left yellow\"><figcaption>Note<\/figcaption>You usually don\u2019t need to cite <a href=index-1832.html>common knowledge<\/a>. This is information that you can assume most people know, such as the fact that Tokyo is the capital city of Japan.<\/figure>\r\n<h2 id=\"styles\">Which citation style should you use?<\/h2>\r\nUsually, your institution (or the journal you\u2019re submitting to) will require you to follow a specific citation style, so check your guidelines or ask your instructor.\r\n\r\nIn some cases, you may have to choose a citation style for yourself. Make sure to pick one style and use it consistently:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li aria-level=\"1\"><strong><a href=index-1778.html>APA Style<\/a> <\/strong>is widely used in the social sciences and beyond.<\/li>\r\n \t<li aria-level=\"1\"><strong><a href=index-1779.html>MLA style<\/a> <\/strong>is common in the humanities.<\/li>\r\n \t<li aria-level=\"1\"><strong>Chicago style<\/strong> consists of two systems:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li aria-level=\"2\"><a href=index-1780.html>Chicago notes and bibliography<\/a>, common in the humanities<\/li>\r\n \t<li aria-level=\"2\"><a href=index-2686.html>Chicago author-date<\/a>, used in the (social) sciences<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li aria-level=\"1\">There are many other <a href=index-2687.html#which\">citation styles<\/a> for different disciplines.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIf in doubt, check with your instructor or read other papers from your field of study to see what style they follow.\r\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left yellow\">See our <a href=index-2688.html>APA vs. MLA<\/a> article for a comparison of two of the most popular styles. You can also use the interactive tool below to explore the format for various source types in both styles.\r\n<div class=\"scribbr-citation-example-generator\" data-citation-style=\"apa\" data-citation-styles=\"apa,mla\" data-locale=\"en-US\"><\/div>\r\n<script async src=index-2689.html charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/figure>\r\nIn most styles, your citations consist of:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li aria-level=\"1\">Brief <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/category\/citing-sources\/#in-text\">in-text citations<\/a> at the relevant points in the text<\/li>\r\n \t<li aria-level=\"1\">A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/category\/citing-sources\/#reference-list\">reference list or bibliography<\/a> containing full information on all the sources you\u2019ve cited<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2 id=\"in-text\">In-text citations<\/h2>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citing-sources\/in-text-citation-styles\/\">In-text citations<\/a> most commonly take the form of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citing-sources\/parenthetical-citation\/\">parenthetical citations<\/a> featuring the last name of the source\u2019s author and its year of publication (aka author-date citations).\r\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left purple\"><figcaption>Example: Parenthetical citation (APA)<\/figcaption>Evolution is a gradual process that \u201ccan act only by very short and slow steps\u201d <span class=\"highlight-green\">(Darwin, 1859, p. 510)<\/span>.<\/figure>\r\nAn alternative to this type of in-text citation is the system used in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citing-sources\/citation-styles\/#numerical\">numerical citation styles<\/a>, where a number is inserted into the text, corresponding to an entry in a numbered reference list.\r\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left purple\"><figcaption>Example: Numerical citation (Vancouver)<\/figcaption>Evolution is a gradual process that \u201ccan act only by very short and slow steps\u201d <span class=\"highlight-green\">(1, p. 510)<\/span>.<\/figure>\r\nThere are also <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citing-sources\/citation-styles\/#note\">note citation styles<\/a>, where you place your citations in either <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citing-sources\/what-are-footnotes\/\">footnotes<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citing-sources\/endnotes\/\">endnotes<\/a>. Since they\u2019re not embedded in the text itself, these citations can provide more detail and sometimes aren\u2019t accompanied by a full reference list or bibliography.\r\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left purple\"><figcaption>Example: Note citation (Chicago)<\/figcaption>Evolution is a gradual process that \u201ccan act only by very short and slow steps.\u201d<span class=\"highlight-green\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/span>\r\n<table style=\"border-top: solid 1px; margin-top: 50px;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><small>1. Charles Darwin,\u00a0<em>On the Origin of Species <\/em>(London: John Murray, 1859), 510.<\/small><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left yellow\"><figcaption>Note<\/figcaption>Some special Latin terms are also used in in-text citations, such as \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citing-sources\/et-al\/\">et al.<\/a>\u201d (used for multiple authors) and \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citing-sources\/ibid\/\">ibid.<\/a>\u201d (used for repeated citations).<\/figure>\r\n<h2 id=\"reference-list\">Reference lists and bibliographies<\/h2>\r\nA reference list (aka \u201cBibliography\u201d or \u201cWorks Cited,\u201d depending on the style) is where you provide full information on each of the sources you\u2019ve cited in the text. It appears at the end of your paper, usually with a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citing-sources\/hanging-indent\/\">hanging indent<\/a> applied to each entry.\r\n\r\nThe information included in reference entries is broadly similar, whatever citation style you\u2019re using. For each source, you\u2019ll typically include the:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li aria-level=\"1\">Author name<\/li>\r\n \t<li aria-level=\"1\">Title<\/li>\r\n \t<li aria-level=\"1\">Publication date<\/li>\r\n \t<li aria-level=\"1\">Container (e.g., the book an essay was published in, the journal an article appeared in)<\/li>\r\n \t<li aria-level=\"1\">Publisher<\/li>\r\n \t<li aria-level=\"1\">Location (e.g., a URL or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citing-sources\/what-is-a-doi\/\">DOI<\/a>, or sometimes a physical location)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe exact information included varies depending on the source type and the citation style. The order in which the information appears, and how you format it (e.g., capitalization, use of italics) also varies.\r\n\r\nMost commonly, the entries in your reference list are alphabetized by author name. This allows the reader to easily find the relevant entry based on the author name in your in-text citation.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/APA-reference-list.webp\" class=\"colorbox\"><img src=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/APA-reference-list.webp\" alt=\"APA-reference-list\" width=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter mt-4 mb-5\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\nIn numerical citation styles, the entries in your reference list are numbered, usually based on the order in which you cite them. The reader finds the right entry based on the number that appears in the text.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Vancouver-reference-list-example.webp\" class=\"colorbox\"><img src=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Vancouver-reference-list-example.webp\" alt=\"Vancouver reference list example\" width=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter mt-4 mb-5\" \/><\/a>\r\n<h2 id=\"generator\">Scribbr Citation Generator<\/h2>\r\nBecause each style has many small differences regarding things like italicization, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/language-rules\/capitalization-rules\/\">capitalization<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/language-rules\/punctuation-mistakes\/\">punctuation<\/a>, it can be difficult to get every detail right. Using a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citation\/generator\/\">citation generator<\/a> can save you a lot of time and effort.\r\n\r\nScribbr offers citation generators for both APA and MLA style. Both are quick, easy to use, and 100% free, with no ads and no registration required.\r\n\r\nJust input a URL or DOI or add the source details manually, and the generator will automatically produce an in-text citation and reference entry in the correct format. You can save your reference list as you go and download it when you\u2019re done, and even add annotations for an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citing-sources\/annotated-bibliography\/\">annotated bibliography<\/a>.\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citation\/generator\/\" class=\"btn btn--blue\">Scribbr Citation Generator<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tools\">Other useful citation tools<\/h2>\r\nOnce you\u2019ve prepared your citations, you might still be unsure if they\u2019re correct and if you\u2019ve used them appropriately in your text. This is where Scribbr\u2019s other citation tools and services may come in handy:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/category\/citing-sources\/#plagiarism-checker\">Plagiarism Checker<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/category\/citing-sources\/#citation-checker\">Citation Checker<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/category\/citing-sources\/#citation-editing\">Citation Editing<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 id=\"plagiarism-checker\">Plagiarism Checker<\/h3>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/category\/plagiarism\/\">Plagiarism<\/a> means passing off someone else\u2019s words or ideas as your own. It\u2019s a serious offense in academia. Universities use plagiarism checking software to scan your paper and identify any similarities to other texts.\r\n\r\nWhen you\u2019re dealing with a lot of sources, it\u2019s easy to make mistakes that could constitute accidental plagiarism. For example, you might forget to add a citation after a quote, or paraphrase a source in a way that\u2019s too close to the original text.\r\n\r\nUsing a plagiarism checker yourself before you submit your work can help you spot these mistakes before they get you in trouble. Based on the results, you can add any missing citations and rephrase your text where necessary.\r\n\r\nTry out the Scribbr Plagiarism Checker for free, or check out our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/plagiarism\/best-plagiarism-checker\/\">detailed comparison of the best plagiarism checkers<\/a> available online.\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/plagiarism-checker\/\" class=\"btn btn--purple\">Scribbr Plagiarism Checker<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 id=\"citation-checker\">Citation Checker<\/h3>\r\nScribbr\u2019s Citation Checker is a unique AI-powered tool that automatically detects stylistic errors and inconsistencies in your in-text citations. It also suggests a correction for every mistake.\r\n\r\nCurrently available for APA Style, this is the fastest and easiest way to make sure you\u2019ve formatted your citations correctly. You can try out the tool for free below.\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citation\/checker\/\" class=\"btn btn--yellow\">Citation Checker<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 id=\"citation-editing\">Citation Editing<\/h3>\r\nIf you need extra help with your reference list, we also offer a more in-depth Citation Editing Service.\r\n\r\nOur experts cross-check your in-text citations and reference entries, make sure you\u2019ve included the correct information for each source, and improve the formatting of your reference page.\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citation\/editing\/\" class=\"btn btn--indigo\">Citation Editing<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"examples\">Citation examples and full guides<\/h2>\r\nIf you want to handle your citations yourself, Scribbr\u2019s free <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/knowledge-base\/\">Knowledge Base<\/a> provides clear, accurate guidance on every aspect of citation. You can see citation examples for a variety of common source types below:\r\n<div class=\"container\">\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-md\" style=\"background: #f6f6f9; padding: 1.27rem 1.56rem; line-height: 1.8; border-radius: 0.5rem; margin-right: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0.5rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"\/?p=303639\"><i class=\"fa fa-book\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Book<\/a>\r\n<a href=\"\/?p=304355\"><i class=\"fa fa-university\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Journal article<\/a>\r\n<a href=\"\/?p=305893\"><i class=\"fa fa-newspaper-o\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Newspaper article<\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"col-md\" style=\"background: #f6f6f9; padding: 1.27rem 1.56rem; line-height: 1.8; border-radius: 0.5rem; margin-right: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0.5rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"\/?p=304208\"><i class=\"fa fa-globe\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Website<\/a>\r\n<a href=\"\/?p=304829\"><i class=\"fa fa-youtube-play\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>YouTube video<\/a>\r\n<a href=\"\/?p=49499\"><i class=\"fa fa-wikipedia-w\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Wikipedia<\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"col-md\" style=\"background: #f6f6f9; padding: 1.27rem 1.56rem; line-height: 1.8; border-radius: 0.5rem; margin-right: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0.5rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"\/?p=305836\"><i class=\"fa fa-file-image-o\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Image<\/a>\r\n<a href=\"\/?p=306178\"><i class=\"fa fa-comments-o\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Interview<\/a>\r\n<a href=\"\/?p=305170\"><i class=\"fa fa-graduation-cap\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\u00a0Lecture<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nAnd you can check out our comprehensive guides to the most popular citation styles:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/category\/apa-style\/\">APA<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/category\/mla\/\">MLA<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/category\/chicago-style\/\">Chicago<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.co.uk\/referencing\/harvard-style\/\">Harvard<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.co.uk\/referencing\/vancouver-style\/\">Vancouver<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.co.uk\/referencing\/mhra-style\/\">MHRA<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.co.uk\/referencing\/oscola\/\">OSCOLA<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[FAQ-article]","link":"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/category\/citing-sources\/","name":"Citing sources","slug":"citing-sources","taxonomy":"category","parent":0,"meta":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<title>How to Cite Sources | Citation Generator &amp; Quick Guide<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"To cite a source, you need an in-text citation and a reference entry. Auto-cite in the right format with our free citation generator.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/category\/citing-sources\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Citing sources Archieven\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/category\/citing-sources\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Scribbr\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/APA-reference-list.webp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"CollectionPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/category\/citing-sources\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/category\/citing-sources\/\",\"name\":\"How to Cite Sources | Citation Generator & Quick Guide\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/#website\"},\"description\":\"To cite a source, you need an in-text citation and a reference entry. 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