{"id":85646,"date":"2019-09-12T11:58:52","date_gmt":"2019-09-12T09:58:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scribbr.nl\/?p=85646"},"modified":"2022-12-05T12:30:48","modified_gmt":"2022-12-05T11:30:48","slug":"chicago-in-text-citation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/chicago-style\/chicago-in-text-citation\/","title":{"rendered":"Chicago In-text Citations | Styles, Format &#038; Examples"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>An in-text citation is used to point readers toward any source you <a href=index-1828.html>quote<\/a>, <a href=index-1249.html>paraphrase<\/a> or refer to in your writing. The <a href=index-1780.html>Chicago Manual of Style<\/a> has two options for in-text citations:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=index-4870.html#author-date\"><strong>Author-date<\/strong><\/a>: you put your citations in <a href=index-1829.html>parentheses<\/a> within the text itself.<\/li>\n<li><a href=index-4870.html#notes-bibliography\"><strong>Notes and bibliography<\/strong><\/a>: you put your citations in numbered footnotes or endnotes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>You should choose one of these two citation options and use it consistently throughout your text. The source details are listed in full in a <a href=index-3344.html>bibliography<\/a> or reference list at the end. Make sure to pay attention to <a href=index-1771.html>punctuation<\/a> (e.g., <a href=indexbc2c.html?p=7926\%22>commas<\/a> and <a href=index-2681.html>quotation marks<\/a>).<\/p>\n<figure>To automatically generate accurate Chicago references, you can use Scribbr&#8217;s free reference generator:<\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=index-4844.html class=\"btn btn--green\">Chicago Reference Generator<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"kb-textbox border-left blue\">\n<h6>Author-date citation example<\/h6>\n<p>(Woolf 1921, 11)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kb-textbox border-left green\">\n<h6>Footnote citation example<\/h6>\n<p>1. Woolf, \u201cModern Fiction,\u201d 11.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<h2>Which Chicago style should you use?<\/h2>\n<p>First, you need to decide whether you are using notes or author-date in-text citations. You can usually find out from your instructor or syllabus which style you should use.<\/p>\n<p>The notes and bibliography system is usually preferred in humanities subjects like literature, history and the arts. The author-date system is preferred in the sciences, including social sciences.<\/p>\n<p>The styles are similar in the information they present, but they differ in terms of the order, location, and format of that information. It\u2019s important to use one style consistently, and not to confuse the two.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"author-date\">Option 1: Author-date in-text citations<\/h2>\n<p><a href=index-2686.html>Author-date style<\/a> places citations directly in the text in <a href=index-1829.html>parentheses<\/a>. In-text citations include the author\u2019s last name, the year of publication, and if applicable, a page number or page range:<\/p>\n<div class=\"kb-textbox border-left blue inline\">(Johnson 2016, 23)<\/div>\n<p>This style of Chicago in-text citation looks the same for every type of source.<\/p>\n<p>When using author-date, you should always include a <a href=index-3333.html#reference-list\">reference list<\/a>\u00a0with an entry corresponding to each citation. This provides the reader with full publication information to locate the source.<\/p>\n<h3>Where should citations appear in the text?<\/h3>\n<p>The author-date style gives you some flexibility in where you place your citations in the text.<\/p>\n<p>Most commonly, you will put the citation at the end of the relevant sentence (before the period). You can also integrate it into the sentence. If you name the author in your sentence, you only need to include the date and page number in parentheses.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kb-textbox border-left blue\">One researcher argues that \u201cthe data is unconvincing\u201d (Johnson 2016, 138). Nevertheless, Smith (2017, 121) contends that the study makes \u201ca compelling case\u201d for this plan of action.<\/div>\n<p>Multiple citations can also be combined within one set of parentheses using a <a href=index-1830.html>semicolon<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kb-textbox border-left blue\">Other researchers (Dale 2018, 75\u201381; Valentine 2018) have weighed in on the topic more recently\u2026<\/div>\n<p>As you can see in the Valentine citation, it\u2019s not always necessary to include a page number\u2014only when you\u2019re referring to a specific part of the text. If you want to cite the text as a whole, you can leave out the page number.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"notes-bibliography\">Option 2: Citations in footnotes or endnotes<\/h2>\n<p>In notes and bibliography style, your citations appear in either <a href=index-3348.html>footnotes or endnotes<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>To create a <a href=index-3345.html>Chicago footnote<\/a> or endnote reference, a superscript number is placed at the end of the clause or sentence that the citation applies to, after any punctuation (periods, <a href=index-2681.html>quotation marks<\/a>, <a href=index-1829.html>parentheses<\/a>). Your first citation is marked with a 1, your second with a 2, and so on.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kb-textbox border-left green\">Johnson argues that \u201cthe data is unconvincing.\u201d<sup>1<\/sup> Nevertheless, Smith contends that the study makes \u201ca compelling case\u201d for this plan of action.<sup>2<\/sup><\/div>\n<p>These superscript numbers correspond to numbered footnotes or endnotes containing the actual citation.<\/p>\n<h3>Full notes and short notes<\/h3>\n<p>There are two types of note you can use in Chicago style: full and short.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Full notes contain the full publication details of the source.<\/li>\n<li>Short notes contain the author\u2019s last name, the title (shortened if it is longer than four words), and the page number (if relevant).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>You should usually use a full note the first time you cite each source. If you cite the same source more than once, use a short note for each subsequent citation. You may also use &#8220;<a href=index-1831.html>ibid.<\/a>&#8221; to repeat the citation from the previous note, but short notes are the more usual choice.<\/p>\n<p>The rules of your specific institution may vary, requiring you to use one of the two note styles every time. It&#8217;s important to check with your instructor if you&#8217;re unsure.<\/p>\n<p>This is what a full and short note for the same citation might look like:<\/p>\n<div class=\"kb-textbox border-left green\">1. Virginia Woolf, \u201cModern Fiction,\u201d in <em>Selected Essays<\/em>, ed. David Bradshaw (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 11.<br \/>\n2. Woolf, \u201cModern Fiction\u201d, 11.<\/div>\n<p>The format of the note varies depending on the type of source. Below you can see examples of a <a href=index-4312.html>Chicago website citation<\/a>, <a href=index-4307.html>book citation<\/a>, <a href=index-4907.html#chapter\">book chapter citation<\/a>, and<a href=index-4310.html> journal article citation<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>Chicago footnote citation examples<\/h3>\n<div class=\"scribbrTabs\">\n<ul class=\"scribbrTabs-menu\">\n<li class=\"current\"><a href=index.html#\">Website<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index.html#\">Book<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index.html#\">Book chapter<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index.html#\">Journal article<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"scribbrTabs-tabs\">\n<div class=\"scribbrTabs-content\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=index-4923.html alt=\"Chicago-footnote-citation-Website\" width=\"100%\" class=\"aligncenter\"\/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"scribbrTabs-content\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=index-4924.html alt=\"Chicago-footnote-citation-Book\" width=\"100%\" class=\"aligncenter\"\/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"scribbrTabs-content\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=index-4925.html alt=\"Chicago-footnote-citation-Book\" width=\"100%\" class=\"aligncenter\"\/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"scribbrTabs-content\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=index-4926.html alt=\"Chicago-footnote-citation-journal article\" width=\"100%\" class=\"aligncenter\"\/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Footnotes or endnotes?<\/h3>\n<p>Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page they refer to, while endnotes appear in their own section at the end of the text, before the <a href=index-3344.html>Chicago style bibliography<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The citation looks exactly the same whether it appears in a <a href=index-3348.html>footnote<\/a> or an <a href=index-3349.html>endnote<\/a>. If you haven\u2019t been told which one to use, the choice is a matter of personal preference. The important thing is to consistently use one or the other.<\/p>\n<h2>Citing sources with multiple authors<\/h2>\n<p>In both styles, when you cite a source with two or three authors, list the names in the order they appear in the original publication:<\/p>\n<div class=\"kb-textbox border-left blue\">(Johnson and Smith 2017, 119)<\/div>\n<div class=\"kb-textbox border-left green\">1. Johnson, Smith, and Dale, \u201cLiterature Review,\u201d 127\u2013134.<\/div>\n<p>When a source has four or more authors, use the term \u201c<a href=index-4305.html>et al.<\/a>\u201d after the first author\u2019s name:<\/p>\n<div class=\"kb-textbox border-left blue\">(Dale et al. 2016)<\/div>\n<div class=\"kb-textbox border-left green\">1. Dale et al., \u201cLiterature Review,\u201d 127\u2013134.<\/div>\n<h2>Missing information in Chicago in-text citations<\/h2>\n<p>Sometimes, not all of the information you need for your citation will be available. Thankfully, there are ways to work around this in both styles.<\/p>\n<h3>No page number<\/h3>\n<p>Page numbers are not always necessary; if the source doesn&#8217;t have page numbers (e.g., a <a href=index-4312.html>website<\/a>), or if you\u2019re referring to the general argument of a text instead of a specific passage, you can omit page numbers.<\/p>\n<p>If a source has no page numbers but you still want to specify a particular part of the text, you can use other locators like paragraphs, chapters or <a href=index-1766.html>headings<\/a> instead\u2014whatever markers the text provides:<\/p>\n<div class=\"kb-textbox border-left blue\">(Johnson 2016, under \u201cResults\u201d)<\/div>\n<div class=\"kb-textbox border-left green\">1. Johnson, \u201cLiterature Review,\u201d chap. 2.1.<\/div>\n<h3>No publication date<\/h3>\n<p>If the source doesn\u2019t have a stated publication date, you can write \u201cn.d.\u201d in place of the year:<\/p>\n<div class=\"kb-textbox border-left blue\">(Smith n.d.)<\/div>\n<div class=\"kb-textbox border-left green\">1. Smith, <em>Data Analysis<\/em> (New York: Norton, n.d.), 293.<\/div>\n<h3>No author<\/h3>\n<p>If no specific author is listed, you can refer to the organization that published the source:<\/p>\n<div class=\"kb-textbox border-left blue\">(Scribbr 2019)<\/div>\n<div class=\"kb-textbox border-left green\">1. Scribbr, \u201cChicago Style Citation.\u201d<\/div>\n    <h2>Frequently asked questions about Chicago in-text citations<\/h2>\n<dl class=\"faq-list faq-list--arrows w-100 my-5\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/FAQPage\">\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"when-to-include-page-numbers\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=index-4908.html class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        When should I include page numbers in Chicago style citations?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"when-to-include-page-numbers-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p>Page numbers should be included in your <a href=index-4872.html>Chicago in-text citations<\/a> when:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>You\u2019re <a href=index-1828.html>quoting<\/a> from the text.<\/li>\n<li>You\u2019re <a href=index-1249.html>paraphrasing<\/a> a particular passage.<\/li>\n<li>You&#8217;re referring to information from a specific section.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>When you\u2019re referring to the overall argument or general content of a source, it\u2019s unnecessary to include page numbers.<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"et-al-chicago-citations\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=index-4909.html class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        When should I use \u201cet al.\u201d in Chicago  style citations?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"et-al-chicago-citations-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p>When a source has <a href=index-4870.html#citing-sources-with-multiple-authors\">four or more authors<\/a>, your in-text citation or <a href=index-3345.html>Chicago footnote<\/a> should give only the first author&#8217;s name followed by \u201c<a href=index-4305.html>et al.<\/a>\u201d (Latin for &#8220;and others&#8221;). This makes your citations more concise.<\/p>\n<p>In your <a href=index-3344.html>bibliography or reference list<\/a>, when a source has more than 10 authors, list the first seven followed by \u201cet al.\u201d Otherwise, list every author.<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"reference-list-vs-bibliography\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=index-4910.html class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        What is the difference between a Chicago reference list and a bibliography?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"reference-list-vs-bibliography-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <ul>\n<li>A <a href=index-3333.html#reference-list\">reference list<\/a> is used with <a href=index-2686.html>Chicago author-date citations<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>A<a href=index-3344.html> bibliography<\/a> is used with <a href=index-3345.html>Chicago footnote citations<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Both present the exact same information; the only difference is the placement of the year in source citations:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">In a <strong>reference list <\/strong>entry, the publication year appears directly after the author\u2019s name.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">In a <strong>bibliography<\/strong> entry, the year appears near the end of the entry (the exact placement depends on the source type).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>There are also other types of bibliography that work as stand-alone texts, such as a <a href=index-4503.html>Chicago annotated bibliography<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"bibliography-or-reference-list\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=index-4911.html class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        Do I have to include a bibliography or reference list?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"bibliography-or-reference-list-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p>In <a href=index-2686.html>Chicago author-date style<\/a>, your text must include a<a href=index-3333.html#reference-list\"> reference list<\/a>. It appears at the end of your paper and gives full details of every source you cited.<\/p>\n<p>In notes and bibliography style, you use <a href=index-3345.html>Chicago style footnotes<\/a> to cite sources; a <a href=index-3344.html>bibliography<\/a> is optional but recommended. If you don\u2019t include one, be sure to use a <a href=index-3709.html#full-notes-and-short-notes\">full note<\/a> for the first citation of each source.<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"short-vs-full-notes\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=index-4927.html class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        Should I use short notes or full notes for my Chicago citations?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"short-vs-full-notes-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p>In <a href=index5d3a.html?cat_ID=6173\%22>Chicago notes and bibliography style<\/a>, the usual standard is to use a <a href=index-3709.html#full-notes-and-short-notes\">full note<\/a> for the first citation of each source, and short notes for any subsequent citations of the same source.<\/p>\n<p>However, your institution&#8217;s guidelines may differ from the standard rule. In some fields, you\u2019re required to use a full note every time, whereas in some other fields you can use short notes every time, as long as all sources are listed in your <a href=index-3344.html>bibliography<\/a>. If you\u2019re not sure, check with your instructor.<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/dl>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>An in-text citation is used to point readers toward any source you quote, paraphrase or refer to in your writing. The Chicago Manual of Style has two options for in-text citations: Author-date: you put your citations in parentheses within the text itself. Notes and bibliography: you put your citations in numbered footnotes or endnotes. You [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":95,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":""},"categories":[33357],"tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<title>Chicago In-text Citations | Styles, Format &amp; Examples<\/title>\n
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