{"id":86621,"date":"2019-09-23T16:25:15","date_gmt":"2019-09-23T14:25:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scribbr.nl\/?p=86621"},"modified":"2022-12-05T12:31:37","modified_gmt":"2022-12-05T11:31:37","slug":"bibliography","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/chicago-style\/bibliography\/","title":{"rendered":"Creating a Chicago Style Bibliography | Format &#038; Examples"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A <a href=index-1780.html>Chicago style<\/a> bibliography lists the sources cited in your text. Each bibliography entry begins with the author\u2019s name and the title of the source, followed by relevant publication details. The bibliography is alphabetized by authors\u2019 last names.<\/p>\n<p>A bibliography is not mandatory, but is strongly recommended for all but very short papers. It gives your reader an overview of all your sources in one place. Check with your instructor if you&#8217;re not sure whether you need a bibliography.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=index-4928.html alt=\"Creating a Chicago Style Bibliography\" width=\"660px\" class=\"aligncenter mt-4 mb-4\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Always make sure to pay attention to <a href=index-1771.html>punctuation<\/a> (e.g., <a href=indexbc2c.html?p=7926\%22>commas<\/a>, <a href=index-2681.html>quotation marks<\/a>, <a href=index-1829.html>parentheses<\/a>) in your citations.<\/p>\n<figure>To automatically generate accurate Chicago references, you can use Scribbr&#8217;s free reference generator:<\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=index-4844.html class=\"btn btn--green\">Chicago Reference Generator<\/a><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<h2>Chicago style bibliography examples<\/h2>\n<p>Bibliography entries vary in format depending on the <a href=index-2682.html>type of source<\/a>. Templates and examples for the most common source types are shown below.<\/p>\n<div class=\"scribbrTabs\">\n<ul class=\"scribbrTabs-menu\">\n<li class=\"current\"><a href=index.html#\">Book<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index.html#\">Book chapter<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index.html#\">Journal article<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=index.html#\">Website<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"scribbrTabs-tabs\">\n<div class=\"scribbrTabs-content\">\n<table class=\"kb-apa-example\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Template<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"text-color-purple\">Author Last Name<\/span>, <span class=\"text-color-purple\">First Name<\/span>. <em><span class=\"text-color-purple\">Book Title: Subtitle<\/span><\/em>. <span class=\"text-color-purple\">Edition<\/span>. <span class=\"text-color-purple\">Place of publication<\/span>: <span class=\"text-color-purple\">Publisher<\/span>, <span class=\"text-color-purple\">Year<\/span>. <span class=\"text-color-purple\">DOI\/URL<\/span>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Example<\/td>\n<td>Williams, John. <em>Stoner<\/em>. London: Vintage, 2003.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li>The edition is always abbreviated (e.g. 2nd ed. or rev. ed.).<\/li>\n<li>Only include the URL for books you consulted online.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"scribbrTabs-content\">\n<table class=\"kb-apa-example\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Template<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"text-color-purple\">Author Last Name<\/span>, <span class=\"text-color-purple\">First Name<\/span>. \u201c<span class=\"text-color-purple\">Chapter Title<\/span>.\u201d In <em><span class=\"text-color-purple\">Book Title: Subtitle<\/span><\/em>, edited by <span class=\"text-color-purple\">Editor First Name Last Name<\/span>, <span class=\"text-color-purple\">page range<\/span>. <span class=\"text-color-purple\">Place of publication<\/span>: <span class=\"text-color-purple\">Publisher<\/span>, <span class=\"text-color-purple\">Year<\/span>. <span class=\"text-color-purple\">DOI\/URL<\/span>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Example<\/td>\n<td>Stewart, Bob. \u201cWag of the Tail: Reflecting on Pet Ownership.\u201d In <em>Enriching Our Lives with Animals<\/em>, edited by John Jaimeson, 220-90. Toronto: Petlove Press, 2007.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li>Use this format to cite a chapter in a multi-authored book. If all the chapters in a book were written by the same person, reference the whole book.<\/li>\n<li>Begin the citation with the author of the chapter. The editor who compiled the book is listed later.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"scribbrTabs-content\">\n<table class=\"kb-apa-example\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Template<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"text-color-purple\">Author Last Name<\/span>, <span class=\"text-color-purple\">First Name<\/span>. \u201c<span class=\"text-color-purple\">Article Title<\/span>.\u201d<em> <span class=\"text-color-purple\">Journal Name<\/span> <\/em><span class=\"text-color-purple\">Volume<\/span>, no. <span class=\"text-color-purple\">Issue<\/span> (<span class=\"text-color-purple\">Month Year<\/span>): <span class=\"text-color-purple\">Page range<\/span>. <span class=\"text-color-purple\">DOI\/URL<\/span>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Example<\/td>\n<td>Andreff, Wladimir, and Paul D. Staudohar. \u201cThe Evolving European Model of Professional Sports Finance.\u201d <em>Journal of Sports Economics<\/em> 1, no. 3 (August 2000): 257\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/152700250000100304.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li>The page range identifies the location of the article within the journal issue.<\/li>\n<li>For articles accessed online, include a <a href=index-3360.html>DOI<\/a> (digital object identifier) where available, and a URL if not.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"scribbrTabs-content\">\n<table class=\"kb-apa-example\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Template<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"text-color-purple\">Author Last Name<\/span>, <span class=\"text-color-purple\">First Name<\/span>. \u201c<span class=\"text-color-purple\">Page Title<\/span>.\u201d <span class=\"text-color-purple\">Website Name<\/span>. <span class=\"text-color-purple\">Month Day<\/span>, <span class=\"text-color-purple\">Year<\/span>. <span class=\"text-color-purple\">URL<\/span>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Example<\/td>\n<td>Scribbr. &#8220;Chicago Style Citation.&#8221; Accessed June 16, 2020. https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/category\/chicago-style\/.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li>If the author is unknown, list the organization or website name as author, and don\u2019t repeat it later in the citation.<\/li>\n<li>If no publication date is listed, include an access date instead.<\/li>\n<li>The website name is not italicized, unless it is an online version of a <a href=index-4899.html>newspaper or magazine<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Formatting the bibliography page<\/h2>\n<p>The bibliography appears at the end of your text. The heading <strong>Bibliography<\/strong> is bolded and centred at the top of the page.<\/p>\n<p>Unlike the rest of a Chicago format paper, the bibliography is not double-spaced. However, add a single line space between entries.<\/p>\n<p>If a bibliography entry extends onto more than one line, subsequent lines should be indented (<a href=index-3635.html>hanging indent<\/a>), as seen in the example below. This helps the reader to see at a glance where each new entry begins.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=index-4929.html alt=\"Example of a Chicago Bibliography\" width=\"660px\" class=\"aligncenter mt-4 mb-4\"\/><\/p>\n<p>There are further guidelines for formatting a <a href=index-4503.html>Chicago style annotated bibliography<\/a>, in which you write a paragraph of <a href=index-3262.html>summary<\/a> and <a href=index-3131.html>source evaluation<\/a> under each source.<\/p>\n<h2>Author names in the bibliography<\/h2>\n<p>Author names in the bibliography are inverted: The last name comes first, then the first name(s). Sources are alphabetized by author last name.<\/p>\n<p>If a source has no named author, alphabetize by the first word of the title or organization name that starts the entry. Ignore<a href=index-3571.html> articles<\/a> (&#8220;the,&#8221; &#8220;a,&#8221; and &#8220;an&#8221;) for the purposes of alphabetization.<\/p>\n<h3>Sources with multiple authors<\/h3>\n<p>For sources with more than one author, only the first author\u2019s name is inverted; subsequent names are written in the normal order.<\/p>\n<p>For texts with up to 10 authors, all the authors\u2019 names should be listed in the order they appear in the source, separated by <a href=indexbc2c.html?p=7926\%22>commas<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kb-textbox border-left green\"><span class=\"text-indent\">Gmuca, Natalia V., Linnea E. Pearson, Jennifer M. Burns, and Heather E.M. Liwanag. \u201cThe Fat and the Furriest: Morphological Changes in Harp Seal Fur with Ontogeny.\u201d<em> Physiological and Biochemical Zoology<\/em> 88, no. 2 (March\/April 2015): 158\u201366.<\/span><\/div>\n<p>If there are more than 10 authors, list the first seven, followed by \u201c<a href=index-4305.html>et al.<\/a>\u201d<\/p>\n<h3>Multiple sources by the same author<\/h3>\n<p>If you include multiple works from the same author, only include the author name in the first entry. In subsequent entries, replace the name with three<a href=index-4055.html> em dashes<\/a>, followed by the rest of the citation formatted as normal. List the entries in alphabetical order by title.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kb-textbox border-left green\">Rhys, Jean. <em>Good Morning, Midnight<\/em>. London: Penguin, 2000.<br \/>\n\u2014\u2014\u2014.\u00a0<em>Quartet<\/em>. New York: W. W. Norton &amp; Company, 1997.<br \/>\n\u2014\u2014\u2014.\u00a0<em>Wide Sargasso Sea<\/em>. London: Penguin, 1997.<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"reference-list\">Bibliography vs reference list<\/h2>\n<p>A reference list is mandatory in <a href=index-2686.html>Chicago author-date style<\/a>, where you cite sources in <a href=index-1829.html>parentheses<\/a> in the text. <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The only differences between a Chicago bibliography and a reference list are the <a href=index-1766.html>heading<\/a> and the placement of the date.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>The reference list is headed \u201cReferences.\u201d In reference list entries, the publication date is placed immediately after the author\u2019s name. This allows the reader to easily find a reference on the basis of the corresponding in-text citation.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=index-4930.html width=\"660px\" class=\"aligncenter mt-4 mb-4\"\/><\/p>\n    <h2>Frequently asked questions about the Chicago bibliography<\/h2>\n<dl class=\"faq-list faq-list--arrows w-100 my-5\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/FAQPage\">\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"source-with-multiple-authors-chicago-style\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=index-4875.html class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        How do I cite a source with multiple authors in Chicago style?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"source-with-multiple-authors-chicago-style-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p>In a <a href=index-3345.html>Chicago style footnote<\/a>, list up to three authors. If there are more than three, name only the first author, followed by &#8220;<a href=index-4305.html>et al.<\/a>&#8220;<\/p>\n<p>In the <a href=index-3344.html>bibliography<\/a>, list up to 10 authors. If there are more than 10, list the first seven followed by &#8220;et al.&#8221;<\/p>\n<table class=\"kb-table responsive-inline full-width auto-th\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><\/th>\n<th>Full note<\/th>\n<th>Short note<\/th>\n<th>Bibliography<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>2 authors<\/th>\n<td>Anna Burns and Robert Smith<\/td>\n<td>Burns and Smith<\/td>\n<td>Burns, Anna, and Robert Smith.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>3 authors<\/th>\n<td>Anna Burns, Robert Smith, and Judith Green<\/td>\n<td>Burns, Smith, and Green<\/td>\n<td>Burns, Anna, Robert Smith, and Judith Green.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>4+ authors<\/th>\n<td>Anna Burns et al.<\/td>\n<td>Burns et al.<\/td>\n<td>Burns, Anna, Robert Smith, Judith Green, and Maggie White.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>The same rules apply in <a href=index-4769.html#variations-on-the-format-of-chicago-author-date-citations\">Chicago author-date style<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>To automatically generate accurate Chicago references, you can use Scribbr&#8217;s <a href=index-4844.html>free Chicago reference generator<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"cite-source-with-no-author-chicago-style\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=index-4931.html class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        How do I cite a source with no author in Chicago style?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"cite-source-with-no-author-chicago-style-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p>In a <a href=index-3345.html>Chicago footnote citation<\/a>, when the author of a source is unknown (as is often the case with <a href=index-4312.html>websites<\/a>), start the citation with the title in a full note. In short notes and<a href=index-3344.html> bibliography<\/a> entries, list the organization that published it as the author.<\/p>\n<table class=\"kb-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Type<\/th>\n<th>Example<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Full note<\/th>\n<td>1. &#8220;An Introduction to Research Methods,&#8221; Scribbr, accessed June 11, 2020, https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/category\/methodology\/.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Short note<\/th>\n<td>2. Scribbr, &#8220;Research Methods.&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Bibliography<\/th>\n<td><span class=\"text-indent\">Scribbr. &#8220;An Introduction to Research Methods.&#8221; Accessed June 11, 2020. https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/category\/methodology\/.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>In <a href=index-2686.html>Chicago author-date style<\/a>, treat the organization as author in your in-text citations and reference list.<\/p>\n<p>To automatically generate accurate Chicago references, you can use Scribbr&#8217;s <a href=index-4844.html>free Chicago reference generator<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"cite-source-no-date-chicago-style\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=index-4932.html class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        How do I cite a source with no date in Chicago style?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"cite-source-no-date-chicago-style-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p>When an online source does not list a publication date, replace it with an access date in your <a href=index-3345.html>Chicago footnotes<\/a> and your <a href=index-3344.html>bibliography<\/a>:<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left\"><figcaption>Example: Chicago bibliography entry with access date<\/figcaption>Scribbr. \u201cHow to Write a Research Paper.\u201d Accessed June 9, 2020. https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/category\/research-paper\/.<\/figure>\n<p>If you are using <a href=index-2686.html>author-date in-text citations<\/a>, or if the source was not accessed online, replace the date with &#8220;n.d.&#8221;<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left\"><figcaption>Example: Chicago author-date citation with no date<\/figcaption>(Scribbr, n.d.)<\/figure>\n<p>To automatically generate accurate Chicago references, you can use Scribbr&#8217;s <a href=index-4844.html>free Chicago reference generator<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"reference-list-vs-bibliography\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=index-4910.html class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        What is the difference between a Chicago reference list and a bibliography?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"reference-list-vs-bibliography-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <ul>\n<li>A <a href=index-3333.html#reference-list\">reference list<\/a> is used with <a href=index-2686.html>Chicago author-date citations<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>A<a href=index-3344.html> bibliography<\/a> is used with <a href=index-3345.html>Chicago footnote citations<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Both present the exact same information; the only difference is the placement of the year in source citations:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">In a <strong>reference list <\/strong>entry, the publication year appears directly after the author\u2019s name.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">In a <strong>bibliography<\/strong> entry, the year appears near the end of the entry (the exact placement depends on the source type).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>There are also other types of bibliography that work as stand-alone texts, such as a <a href=index-4503.html>Chicago annotated bibliography<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"bibliography-or-reference-list\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=index-4911.html class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        Do I have to include a bibliography or reference list?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"bibliography-or-reference-list-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p>In <a href=index-2686.html>Chicago author-date style<\/a>, your text must include a<a href=index-3333.html#reference-list\"> reference list<\/a>. It appears at the end of your paper and gives full details of every source you cited.<\/p>\n<p>In notes and bibliography style, you use <a href=index-3345.html>Chicago style footnotes<\/a> to cite sources; a <a href=index-3344.html>bibliography<\/a> is optional but recommended. If you don\u2019t include one, be sure to use a <a href=index-3709.html#full-notes-and-short-notes\">full note<\/a> for the first citation of each source.<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/dl>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A Chicago style bibliography lists the sources cited in your text. Each bibliography entry begins with the author\u2019s name and the title of the source, followed by relevant publication details. The bibliography is alphabetized by authors\u2019 last names. A bibliography is not mandatory, but is strongly recommended for all but very short papers. It gives [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":95,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":""},"categories":[33357],"tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<title>Creating a Chicago Style Bibliography | Format &amp; Examples<\/title>\n
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