How to Create a Structured Research Paper Outline | Example

How to Create a Structured Research Paper Outline

A research paper outline is a useful tool to aid in the writing process, providing a structure to follow with all information to be included in the paper clearly organized.

A quality outline can make writing your research paper more efficient by helping to:

  • Organize your thoughts
  • Understand the flow of information and how ideas are related
  • Ensure nothing is forgotten

A research paper outline can also give your teacher an early idea of the final product.

Continue reading: How to Create a Structured Research Paper Outline | Example

How to Paraphrase | Step-by-Step Guide & Examples

Paraphrasing means putting someone else’s ideas into your own words. Paraphrasing a source involves changing the wording while preserving the original meaning.

Paraphrasing is an alternative to quoting (copying someone’s exact words and putting them in quotation marks). In academic writing, it’s usually better to integrate sources by paraphrasing instead of quoting. It shows that you have understood the source, reads more smoothly, and keeps your own voice front and center.

Every time you paraphrase, it’s important to cite the source. Also take care not to use wording that is too similar to the original. Otherwise, you could be at risk of committing plagiarism.

Continue reading: How to Paraphrase | Step-by-Step Guide & Examples

How to write and format an APA abstract (6th edition)

This article reflects the APA 6th edition guidelines. Click here for APA 7th edition guidelines.

An APA abstract is a summary of your paper in 150–250 words. It describes the research problem, methods, results and conclusions of your research. For published papers, it also includes a list of keywords.

Write the abstract after you have finished your paper, and place it on a separate page after the title page.

The formatting of the abstract page is the same as the rest of an APA style paper: double-spaced, Times New Roman 12pt font, one-inch margins, and a running head at the top of the page.

Continue reading: How to write and format an APA abstract (6th edition)

How to cite an interview in APA Style (6th edition)

This article reflects the APA 6th edition guidelines. Click here for APA 7th edition guidelines.

The format of an APA interview citation depends on whether the source is a published interview or an interview you conducted yourself.

Personal interviews that can’t be retrieved by the reader shouldn’t be included in an APA reference list. Instead, cite the interview as a personal communication in the text.

According to the CEO, the company’s communications strategy is moving in a different direction (B. Jones, personal communication, January 22, 2020).

If the interview was published in a retrievable source (e.g. a website, journal, newspaper or book), follow the usual citation format for that type of source.

You can use Scribbr’s free APA Citation Generator to create APA in-text citations and reference list entries for different source types.

Generate accurate APA citations with Scribbr

Continue reading: How to cite an interview in APA Style (6th edition)

APA reference page (6th edition)

This article reflects the APA 6th edition guidelines. Click here for APA 7th edition guidelines.

The APA reference page is a separate page at the end of your paper where all sources you cited in the main text are listed. The references are sorted alphabetically, double spaced, and formatted using a hanging indent of ½ inch. Use “References” as page heading and include a running head with your paper title and page number.

Continue reading: APA reference page (6th edition)

How to cite a YouTube video in MLA

The MLA Works Cited entry for an online video contains the video’s creator, the title, the website or platform in italics (e.g. YouTube), the channel or user that uploaded the video, the upload date, and the URL.

If the video was uploaded by the same person or organization that created it, or if no clear creator can be identified, omit the author element and start with the video’s title instead.

The in-text citation should match the first element of the Works Cited (either the creator’s name, or a short version of the title). You can also include a timestamp in place of a page number.


Note that if you are citing a whole movie that has been uploaded to a video-sharing platform, you should use the format of an MLA movie citation instead. The same goes for a TV episode. For a TED Talk, you can follow the YouTube format if you cite it from YouTube.

Continue reading: How to cite a YouTube video in MLA

MLA titles: Formatting and capitalization rules

In MLA style, source titles appear either in italics or in quotation marks:

  • Italicize the title of a self-contained whole (e.g. a book, film, journal, or website).
  • Use quotation marks around the title if it is part of a larger work (e.g. a chapter of a book, an article in a journal, or a page on a website).

All major words in a title are capitalized. The same format is used in the Works Cited list and in the text itself.

Place in quotation marks Italicize

When you use the Scribbr MLA Citation Generator, the correct formatting and capitalization are automatically applied to titles.

Generate accurate MLA citations with Scribbr

Continue reading: MLA titles: Formatting and capitalization rules

Author Names in MLA | Citing One or Multiple Authors

In MLA style, up to two authors are included in a citation. For sources with more than two authors, the citation is shortened with “et al.

In the Works Cited list, the first author’s name is inverted (surname followed by first name). In an MLA in-text citation, only surnames are included.

Number of authors Works Cited example In-text citation example
1 author Wallace-Wells, David. (Wallace-Wells 11)
2 authors Oreskes, Naomi, and Erik M. Conway. (Oreskes and Conway 84)
3+ authors Armstrong, Anne K., et al. (Armstrong et al. 127–139)

The author element specifies the main creator of the source. For audiovisual sources, this may be the director, composer, or painter, for example. The author may also be an organization.

If no author at all is specified, start your citation with the source title instead.

Continue reading: Author Names in MLA | Citing One or Multiple Authors

How to cite a play in MLA

When citing a play with numbered lines, the MLA parenthetical citation should include the author name and the act, scene and line number(s). If the lines are not numbered, include the page number instead.

When quoting dialogue, include the character names in all capitals followed by a period, and pay attention to indentation.

Quoting and citing a play
ROSS. I’ll see it done.
DUNCAN. What he hath lost noble Macbeth hath won. (Shakespeare 1.2.94–95)

Continue reading: How to cite a play in MLA